Monday, September 30, 2019

General Hideki Tojo: war criminal Essay

World War II is one of the events in the modern history of mankind which is looked upon with mixed reactions considering what was lost and was created because of this war. This was a showdown not just of superpowers, but also of the most influential leaders in different countries. One of these leaders is Hideki Tojo of Japan, who led the country and its soldiers in the Pacific theater of operations during World War II versus Allied forces led by the United States. This was a set of many different battles, which, on a whole, was deadly and costly for both camps. Many would say that General Hideki Tojo was just a man doing his job consistent with the political, economic and military directions of the country. Like any other soldier and leader, Tojo was expected to make decisions that will appear harsh and inconsiderate to human life, but is this really the truth? Many dare challenge this. They believe that just like any other individual, Tojo always had options and choices and he was never forced to just one course of action that he did not wanted or approved. The truth is that he has options. How he selected his own course of actions especially during World War II speaks a lot about how Tojo is the archetypal villain and evil, in consideration to this man’s values as reflected in his goals, ambitions, actions and perspective. Bringing a villain like General Hideki Tojo to trial for his evil during World War II is a case that will be strongly supported by many different important reasons and justifications why such accusations are real and suitable for some like Tojo. These reasons and justifications would be laid out, spread and explained to ascertain Tojo’s undeniable complicity and role in atrocities and undesirable actions during World War II. Hideki Tojo’s trial regarding his military and political actions during World War II will feature the discussion of several different proofs that will establish Tojo and his role in these atrocities and unacceptable acts even during war time. There are four important aspects that serve as proof to establish Hideki Tojo’s acts of atrocities and unacceptable war time behavior during World War II. It led many people to believe that he was indeed the villain that endangered and put to slaughter not just the lives of the enemy but lives of his own men as well. The first proof of Tojo’s evil is his influence and active, conscious and direct role in the hostile imperialism of Japan. Tojo is described as â€Å"one of the most aggressive of the Japanese imperialists (Keegan, Wheatcroft 291). † Of course, history will show that no effort at expansion and imperialism is not without violence. The fact that this is expected, it does not mean that Tojo and his imperialist expansion-related violence, crimes and hostility will be accepted. On the contrary, if Tojo was indeed in favor of humanity, he should have learned from the lessons of the past like the imperialist tendencies of Europeans in the past. He should have seen this could result to death and bloodshed. He should have never subjected his people and other people in such condition wherein death and destruction is the main result. However, the self-centered, greedy and power hungry Tojo moved forward with his dreams of expanding by controlling other countries and territories through the use of military force. This resulted to the death of many people, Japanese and non Japanese alike. It was a deadly and lethal combination. Tojo had access to power and was war hungry. He looked at war as a necessity for Japan at the time, which is disputable even today (Benford 119). â€Å"Tojo has assumed for himself the three posts of prime minister, war minister and chief of army staff and was totally responsible for the conduct of the war and was determined that only war could bring Japan what it rightfully deserved (Benford 119). † Wohlstetter expressed the importance of this development (Wohlstetter 324). â€Å"Tojo has thus concentrated enormous power in his own hands, far more than any Premier of modern times. He is jingoistic and anti-foreign, particularly anti-Russian. He has strong pro-Axis leanings (Wohlstetter 324). † History has dubbed the attack on Pearl Harbor as an ignominy which will go down in history books as a dastardly act that will be continuously frowned upon. Because of the style and approach, Japan, and particularly Tojo, who was Prime Minister at that time (Gudykunst 276), took in this particular incident. It resulted to the deaths of many individuals; many of those are non-combatants and innocent civilians. The attack on Pearl Harbor is considered as one of the most evil of all forms of attacks during war time history and in World War II. It is an unforgettable and unacceptable act on the part of the Japan. If this is the case, then what does this say about the people who conceived and planned and executed it, among the many high ranking top brass of Japan to approve it is Tojo? It is Evil, pure evil. â€Å"Tojo ordered Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, and then led his nation in war for three years (Weston 182). † It is one thing to cause death in the battlefield, but it is another to resort to killing even non combatants and civilians just to inflict damage to the enemy and to help one side come closer to victory (it is explained this way because even though Japan’s attack was a serious blow to United States, Japan, in the end, did not win). In this event, Tojo resorted to a Machiavellian thinking. He believed that the end justifies the means. However, in the end, it was completely unfortunate that despite the sacrifices used as a means, they still were not able to achieve the ends. In this perspective, how will the sacrifice of men be seen, considering the failure to achieve the objective? Tojo’s military leadership that resulted to the deaths of many soldiers did not automatically make him an evil leader. What made him an evil leader is the fact that he did not conducted himself accordingly. His actions are often irrational to the point that it is immoral and unethical even during the state of war among nations. Pearl Harbor is an excellent example of this condition. Tojo’s hands are stained with the blood of the innocent, people who should have not been directed and accorded with hostility. They are nonetheless victimized by a man whose evil has become legendary – and heavily criticized – even before World War II would end with Japan accepting defeat eventually. The evil of Tojo is not just limited to Pearl Harbor. As a powerful and influential man who directed military actions during World War II, Tojo is responsible for the lives of men. These were military and non-military people that were hurt or killed throughout World War II in places that Japanese soldiers and soldiers controlled and conscripted by Japan operated in. It is no secret that after World War II, investigations about many different war crimes resulted in the surfacing of information regarding the presence of these atrocities. Even though this are undertaken by Tojo’s underlings, it was Tojo who is responsible in grooming and managing men who should know how to handle themselves admirably during war. Tojo’s lack of that same sense reflected in how his followers acted. As they say, the actions of members reflect the characteristics of the leader. Tojo is evil because he was directly or indirectly responsible for the acts of atrocities committed during the duration of World War II in places Japan controlled or fought in. Soon, investigators were able to fully judge beyond reasonable doubt that responsibility for war crimes rests on the shoulders of Tojo, for which the punishment is death. In the end, Tojo was arrested, and proven as a war criminal (Benford 119). For the enemies of Japan during the World War II, it is easy for them to say that Japan and its leaders are bad because of their acts of hostility towards them (Japan’s enemy). The real extent of evil inside a man is not found in how he treats his enemies, since hostilities are expected between and among enemies. The true evil is found in how a man appreciates the lives of the man that follows him and how he uses the faith and trust that his followers give him. It is in this last aspect of the proof of Tojo’s evil that one can truly see that Tojo is not evil in the eyes of his enemies, but is evil in consideration to what he had his men undergo, do and suffer. The achievement of an imperial domination which was close to impossible and was something that Japan as a country wanted but what the selected few desired for themselves. These individuals include Tojo. In analysis, Japan and its position economically and politically at that time allowed them many other options. For one, the battle was in Europe among old and new enemies. The reason why it spread in Asia and the Pacific is because of Tojo’s megalomaniac tendencies that endangered the lives of many men, not to mention the deaths of thousands and even millions of others as well. It is not easy to look of Hideki Tojo without bias, and why not? His curriculum vitae, during World War II, is proof of his responsibility in the military actions that resulted to death, destruction and acts of atrocity, among others. History and related literature gave Tojo many different titles besides the one’s he officially owned at one time, titles which he earned because of his actions. For example, he was described as â€Å"supreme war lord (Butow 440)†, and not just military leader. Notice the impact that the writer was going for when using the term â€Å"war lord† in consideration to what was being implied and how the writer was trying to describe Tojo more accurately and vividly with the use of such term. Evans described Tojo as â€Å"an arch enemy (Evans 329)† and placed Tojo alongside other unpopular megalomaniac who was also responsible for death, destruction and atrocity including Hitler and Mussolinni. He was described as standing side by side and among the most hated men during that time. â€Å"During World War II, the three most hated men in the world were Hitler, Mussolini and General Tojo Hideki (Weston 182). † Hill believes that he was an aggressor similar to Hitler (Hill 86). â€Å"Hitler and Tojo were planning every imaginable step and they had jointly executed a policy of world aggression (Hill 86). † Works cited Benford, Timothy B. Pearl Harbor Amazing Facts! Utah: American Book Publishers, 2001. Butow, Robert Charles Joseph. Tojo and the Coming of the War. California: Stanford University Press, 1961. Evans, David. Ramblin’ on my mind: new perspectives on the blues. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2008. Gudykunst, William B. Communication Yearbook. California: Routledge, 2002. Hill, Richard F. Hitler attacks Pearl Harbor: why the United States declared war on Germany. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. Keegan, John and Andrew Wheatcroft. Who’s who in military history: from 1453 to the present day. London: Routledge, 1996. Weston, Mark. Giants of Japan: The Live of Japan’s Most Influential Men and Women. New York: Kodansha America, 2002. Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: warning and decision. California: Stanford University Press, 1962.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

The Different Ways We Evaluate People

Evaluation and Judgment Checkpoint Evaluation and Judgment Checkpoint Question One: What are the different ways in which we evaluate people? When we meet someone for the first time, we notice a number of surface characteristics—clothes, gestures, manner of speaking, tone of voice, appearance, and so on. Then, drawing on these cues, we assign the person a ready-made category. Associated with each category is a schema (plural: schemata), which, is a set of beliefs or expectations about something (in this case, people) that is based on past experience and is presumed to apply to all members of that category (Fiske & Taylor, 1991). Schemata serve a number of important functions (Gilbert, 1998). First, they allow us to make inferences about other people. We assume, for example, that a friendly person is likely to be good-natured, to accept a social invitation from us, or to do us a small favor. Second, schemata play a crucial role in how we interpret and remember information. Schemata can also lure us into â€Å"remembering† things about people that we never actually observed. Most of us associate the traits of shyness, quietness, and preoccupation with one’s own thoughts with the schema introvert. Question Two: How do these factors play a role in our expectations of other people? Over time, as we continue to interact with people, we add new information about them to our mental files. However, our later experiences generally do not influence us nearly so much as our earliest impressions. This is known as the primacy effect. According to Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor (1991), they point out that human thinkers are â€Å"cognitive misers. † Instead of exerting ourselves to interpret every detail we learn about a person, we are stingy with our mental efforts. Once we have formed an impression about someone, we tend to keep it, even if our first impressions were formed by jumping to conclusions or through prejudice (Fiske, 1995). Thus, if you already like a new acquaintance, you may excuse a flaw or vice you discover later on. Conversely, if someone has made an early bad impression on you, you may refuse to believe subsequent evidence of that person’s good qualities. Moreover, first impressions can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. A stereotype is a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a social category. Question Three: What are the disadvantages of these expectations? A stereotype is a special kind of schema that may be based on almost any distinguishing feature, but is most often applied to sex, race, occupation, physical appearance, place of residence, and membership in a group or organization (Hilton & Von Hipple, 1996). When our first impressions of people are governed by a stereotype, we tend to infer things about them solely on the basis of their social category and to ignore facts about individual traits that are inconsistent with the stereotype. As a result, we may remember things about them selectively or inaccurately, thereby perpetuating our initial stereotype. For example, with a quick glance at almost anyone, you can classify that person as male or female. Once you have so categorized the person, you may rely more on your stereotype of that gender than on your own perceptions during further interactions with the person. Stereotypes can easily become the basis for self-fulfilling prophecies. References Morris, C. & Maisto, A. (2005) Social Psychology. Retrieved November 13, 2009, from The Psychology of Science, Axia College e-Resource.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Attraction Visit and Analysis for Eureka Skydeck - myassignmenthelp

Eureka Skydeck is one of the most popular tourist destinations of Melbourne. The Skydeck is located on the 88 th floor of the 91 storied Eureka Tower, providing the highest public view in the Southern Hemisphere at 935 ft (285 m) above the sea level (planetware.com 2018). In the heart of the Southbank of Melbourne, by the Yarra River, the attraction was built from 2002 to 2006. The tower is the tallest one in Melbourne and second tallest in Australia, after Q1 in Queensland. The tower was named after the Eureka Stockade, the rebellion at the time of 1854 Victorian gold rush and hence, the design has incorporated a gold crown at the top of the building representing the gold rush (Eureka Skydeck 2018). The Skydeck also features The Edge, a glass cube projecting outside the building providing a 360 degree view of the city. Eureka Skydeck has a complete website with all the relevant information about the observation deck. Right from the ‘About Us’ to ticket pricing, things to see, education, dining and many more, the website is filled with all sorts of information and pictures. Visitors can check out www.eurekaskydeck.com.au to get the detailed information before visiting this attraction. The website is user-friendly as it contains easy links to important information along with photos of the visitors. It also has multilingual options for visitors, not having proficiency in English only. It is located in the Riverside Quay in Southbank of Yarra River, which is easily accessible by public transport. All the public buses, trams and trains, crossing the Flinders Street Train Station and St. Kilda Road can be availed by the tourists to reach Eureka. Parking options are available at the Wilson Eureka Parking at the cost of AUD 13 for Monday to Friday, entry prior to 4pm, AUD 6 for Monday to Friday, entry after 4pm and AUD 11 for the weekends (Eureka Skydeck 2018). There are plenty of other parking spots at reasonable prices nearby where visitors can park their cars and bikes. The Skydeck has all the modern facilities such as, toilets, disabled ramp to the entrance, souvenir shop, with variety of gift products, free WiFi area (Yoo 2017), small cafes for sandwiches and hot drinks, small seating arrangements and a fine dining restaurant at 89 th floor. There are easy navigation signs that help the visitor through the attraction, from the entrance to the building up to the 88 th floor. There are maps of the path with ‘You are here’ sign at every point of stop for the visitors, however, the signboards are all written in English. Eureka Skydeck offers excellent opportunities for the schools to celebrate different educational events, such as, teacher’s day, education week, children’s day etc. and many more excursions. The schools are offered guided tours at no additional cost if they book during the offers, free entry to the teachers upon showing the VIT card during teacher’s day promotions. The visitor information can be found in the website (Eureka Skydeck 2018). Guides are available for the guided tours only. People mostly prefer to go on a self guided tour and spend time as their own. In case of education excursions and tourists, with difficulty in English, can opt for guided tours. The tourists can avail the audio aid with headphones for audio tour. There brochures and guide books about the Skydeck are available at the entrance of the tower, ticket counters and at the 88 th floor. However, apart from the ‘Serendipity’ touchtable, there are no touch screens for interactions throughout the path to the deck (Eureka Skydeck 2018). The visitors have the option to pick a headphone and walkman to get an audio visual experience of the tour. The AV experience depicts the view points at every angle along with the audio of the history of the construction of the tower and contemporary Melbourne life, some fun facts and trivia (lookear.net.au 2018). Through the interactive AV structure and scripts are also present in the 6 meter long ‘Serendipity’ touchtable presenting less well known facts of the city. Eureka Skydeck offers a 360 degree breathtaking view of the Melbourne city, especially, the Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne’s CBD and Dandenong Ranges through thirty view finders on the observation deck in 88 th floor of the Eureka Tower. It is open daily from 10 in the morning to 10 in the night. Sunset and the evening are the most favored time of the visitors (tripadvisor.in 2018). Apart from the deck, the Edge is also another favorite of the tourists. Eureka has introduced another visitor experience, Eureka Vertigo, where it presents to the visitors an illusion of loosing balance and falling from the 88 th floor at the extra cost of AUD 15. The elevator takes only 38 seconds to reach the deck (tripadvisor.in 2018). The open-air terrace gives a feel of the strong wind and people get the sensation of hanging midair in the Edge. Although it is a ticketed attraction, people prefer to visit the Skydeck to get an extraordinary experience of the magnificent view of the city. As stated by Swarbrooke & Horner (2004), tourists are motivated to visit a place due to the push and pull factors and personality of the tourists is a determining factor for motivation, perceptions and the tourist behavior. Skydeck is preferred by the tourists who are motivated by the features of the Eureka Skydeck and the uniqueness of the experience that it gives. According to the travel-motivation theory by Gray (1979), the consumers choose the travel destination based on the two motives, one is to travel from a known place to unknown place, known as the ‘Wanderlust’ and the other is to travel with a specific purpose to avail some facilities not available at the residential place, known as ‘Sunlust’. These are the mostly the recreational, pleasure, cultural experience, shopping and new experiences (Chen and Chen 2015). In case of the Eureka Skydeck, people come here to have new experience, following the ‘sunlust’ motivation. It can be said that, people love to visit the Eureka Skydeck in the Southbank of Melbourne to get the best view of the city from the tallest observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. At a minimum cost, the tourists want to get a unique experience, which reflects the motivation of sunlust as well as due to the push and pull factors of the Skydeck. Eureka Skydeck is a must see attraction of Melbourne that provides all the modern facilities to the tourists apart from the marvelous view of the city. From gifts to dining experience, Eureka Vertigo and the Edge are the additional factors that drive the tourists to the Skydeck and make an incredible memory for the lifetime. Chen, L.J. and Chen, W.P., 2015. Push–pull factors in international birders' travel.  Tourism Management,  48, pp.416-425. Eureka Skydeck, 2018.  Eureka Skydeck. [online] Eureka Skydeck. Available at: https://www.eurekaskydeck.com.au/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. lookear.net.au, 2018.  Eureka Skydeck. [online] LookEar. Available at: https://www.lookear.net.au/eureka-skydeck.html [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. planetware.com, 2018.  17 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Melbourne | PlanetWare. [online] Planetware.com. Available at: https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/melbourne-aus-vic-m.htm [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. Schroeder, A. and Pennington-Gray, L., 2015. The role of social media in international tourist’s decision making.  Journal of Travel Research,  54(5), pp.584-595. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S., 2007. Consumer behavior in tourism . Jordan Hill. tripadvisor.in, 2018.  Eureka Skydeck 88 (Melbourne) - What to Know Before You Go (with Photos) - TripAdvisor. [online] Tripadvisor.in. Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g255100-d654640-Reviews-Eureka_Skydeck_88-Melbourne_Victoria.html [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. Yoo, T., 2017.  Melbourne's Eureka Tower now has superfast 200Mbps broadband to rival the NBN. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/melbournes-eureka-tower-now-has-superfast-broadband-at-double-the-nbns-speed-2017-2 [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018].

Friday, September 27, 2019

Is China a military threat to the U.S. or its Southeast Asian allies Research Paper

Is China a military threat to the U.S. or its Southeast Asian allies - Research Paper Example ly influence continues to manifest hostility towards China, with provocative stands by the Philippines and Japan with regard to ownership of Islands in the contested regions belittling China’s growing stature in global politics. The traditional differences in foreign ideologies between the two nations does not seem to be resolved soon, since national interests of the two nations fall on opposing sides. With the competition for the global arena as the next stage to exercise global politics, China and the US continually find it difficult to resolve the hardline stand due to heightened globalization setting. From the experiences of the past encounters with global politics, China will focus on chanting a different course and justify current success from acting differently. In terms of recent astronomical economic performance in China, funding military exploration and ambitious intelligence systems raises concerns against such moves. In a world experiencing a spell of minimal aggression among nations, military expansion at the scale such as that witnessed in China recently triggers memories of the infamous Arms Race. Interesting timing of these developments in China at a time when global economic performance falls below China’s rate of economic growth translates to some form of opportunistic provocationi. Estimation of China doubling military spending by 2015 is a blatant insult to efforts of US peace building around the world. As such, the US can justify the move to assist and empower the allies in the southeast Asia regionii. The account of China’s performance in terms of human rights protection in a rapidly democratized world is not only taken as an insult to the US but also to the international community. The isolation of Chinese internal affairs from the rest of the world calls for participation of the US in the global campaigns of a democratic global society further fuels the tension of a military provocation. Despite the participation of China in

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Olympic Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Olympic Cities - Essay Example Burbank and Charles H. Heying (2001) titled â€Å"Olympic Cities: Lessons Learned from Mega Event Politics†. The objective of the essay is to observe the relationship between resident’s attitudes towards Tourism and tourism development options. Methodology As part of the survey methodology different cities were selected where the event already been held. The survey was conducted on three cities which have experienced bidding as well as staging the Olympic game in areas such as Atlanta, Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. The focus in mainly on the Olympics as it has become the mega event during the global economic competition. The survey is conducted only on US cities due to the political economy of the federal system. The American cities are in a unique position with regards to hosting large events such as Olympics. Mega events occur with multi-dimensional and multipurpose of the aspect. The events in each city are examined over three key stages which involves, bidding for the game, organising and post games legacy. The three cities differ in terms of size, political history, social consumption and economic base. Therefore by comparing the cities the main aim is to identify the features of relationship between consumption based economic development and mega event strategy in urban politics. The journal Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega events, which aim to address the challenges and opportunities in hosting the Olympic Games and focusing on cities of Salt Lake City, Atlanta and Los Angeles. The focus is mainly on the adoption of strategy to conduct the mega event and the effect it had on urban policy. To begin with an overview of consumption on economic development has been discussed which had two dimensions which includes building convention centres and sports development. Comparative Analysis The comparatively analysis is done on three cities where Olympic was held. The three factors that was taken into consideration was bidding for the gam e, staging and finally Olympic legacies. As per the rules of IOC only cities are allowed to bid for the Olympics and host the event. In bidding process, Los Angeles bid was mainly initiated by a group named pro growth by business leaders and civic notables who were operating in the Southern California Committee for the Olympics games (SCCOG). The group rose about $158,000 funds in order to finance the bid activities. The SCCOG was established in the year 1939 after the city hosted the summer games. The country bided for the Olympic in order to bring back the games in Los Angeles. The main reason in order to get back the games were the chances for the city to display on a global stage, increase the opportunity for high revenue and the intangibles that was likely to enhance the current position of the city. For the president of SCCOG, John Argue the goal was to bring the games to the city at no cost to taxpayer. After winning the bid Los Angeles did not have any competition at the int ernational level. In 1984 Los Angeles was the only viable choice to host the event of Olympics. Whereas unlike Loss Angeles, Atlanta did not6 have any organisation to initiate a bid for the Olympics. Although much of the initiative was taken by small group of lawyer and college football player named Billy Payne who represents the city as entrepreneur for Olympics. Only after the support for hosting the game was supported by Atlanta’s business and political elite, the city was able to bid for the Olympic. Atlanta was awarded the game in 1990 and it meant a lot for the city to host the event and what is meant to the residents of the city. Similar like Los Angles, the Salt Lake City had interest to host the Olympics since

The Use Of Arched And Vaulted Forms In Architecture Has Occasioned The Essay

The Use Of Arched And Vaulted Forms In Architecture Has Occasioned The Development - Essay Example The iconic architectural figure of this time is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Craven, 2003). Analysing the design of the hanging gardens, the material used to construct the building mainly consists of bricks piled up all together; forming a relatively quadrilateral form of figure. Arches can be seen in the gates of it. At the same time, it can be considered that the vaults are still not existent. Regular ceilings have been common for this kind of design. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that the Near East architecture, as exemplified by the Hanging Gardens, can be considered to be one of the foundations of developments in architecture. Egypt has been commonly known as one of the most powerful empires back then and almost started in the same way as the civilizations that boomed in the Fertile Crescent. In Egypt, during the flourish of its civilization, they have been able to develop architectural style of their own. One of the key architectural edifices that have used vaults is the Tom b of Amenemhet in Bani Hasan in Middle Egypt (Bleiberg 2005, p. 43). This is where the architraves are used to show vaults and arches inside the mausoleum of the king’s deathbed (Bleiberg 2005, p. 43). However, one cannot disregard the pyramids even if they have not been design arches. Simple technology is present for the Egyptians during the time that they have initiated the construction of these architectural edifices (Bleiberg 2005, p. 6). Given the same technological condition, the Egyptians are still using rocks formed in a quadrilateral shape and piled up altogether to create an architectural complex. It can be inferred that same building technology and material sources can be found in the two architectural timeframes. Ancient European Architecture is where the Classical Age of architecture boomed as stylistic standards have changed due to possible strong socio – political structure of the societies that promulgated the said art forms. This period is considered t o be one that is rich when it comes to development because of the pattern developed during the timeframe of this period. This period encompasses several architectural traditions and designs. This part of the paper shall focus on the following architectural conventions which includes the Greek Order of Architecture, the Early and Imperial Roman Architecture, the Byzantine, and the Romanesque Architecture styles. This is where the Classical Architecture plays a crucial role in the development of designs. There are Greek orders when it comes to the design of the columns for the temples structured for their deities. Doric columnar is the simplest of the forms and emerged as the first and basic form of design (Evans 2005, p. 5). The Ionic became the second one that focuses on ornamentations with the columnar while the Corinthian is last level of design the ornamentations are more elaborate, encompassing almost the Hellenistic period of Greece (Evans 2005, p. 5). During this period, not m uch concern can be placed on the use of arches but the roofing is designed accordingly to perfection. In terms of materials, marble and sandstones replaced the rocky structures that the two aforementioned architectural styles. At the same time, Hellenic and Hellenistic Architecture differs in terms of the ornamentation and style. It can be considered that Hellenic has been focused on a form while Hellenistic is

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Case Study Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions - Case Study Example By so doing, the company has put into use the business warehouse, SAP net waiver, data warehousing solution, SAPs analytical and reporting. In the process, the regional enterprise resource planning system, feed the warehouse with their data. At their point, the data received is the manipulated by formatting and standardizing it for analysis and enterprise-wide reporting. By so doing, the differences in the data over the enterprise is eliminated. To add-on that to better the data loads and increase user adoption and perception, the specialists in the Colgate information systems implemented the SAP Net Weaver BW. Further, the specialists implemented SAP objects of the business web intelligence to develop customized reports. The SAP web intelligence puts in place a strong, instinctive interface. The interface gives opportunities to the involved professionals to enquire spontaneously on their data. Each time a sales report got developed and run, there was a discrepancy and differences in the shipment and the number of the orders made. Again colligate need data that was more usable and viable in decision making. To add on that there was a need for a different business units and managers of the company to work with the same type of data world over. The act will help in the development and making of more relevant decisions. Secondly, the form of the data output for the senior managers from the warehouse is an HTML table that is produced daily. In the table, there are comparison between the operational and financial metrics of the day in relation with that of the past month and quarter in general. The data was not however used well enough by the employees in the decision-making in the bid to make an impact on the business gains. With increased need of more user-friendly data, accessed and timely access of the data, the senior managers together with their casuals, demanded increased access to the warehouse. The main issue was to

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Functions of Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Functions of Public Relations - Essay Example The two main functions of Public Relations are Organizational and Societal. The scope of Organizational Public Relations covers all the internal processes. This is the representation of the company in relation to specific groups or other organizations. This is directed to both internal and external groups. An example of an internal group is the employee base of the company and one example of an external group is the media. With Organizational Public Relations, the focus is on knowing and addressing the needs of the company or the issues in the organization itself and relating this to how other organizations outside the company affect these needs and how they can contribute to the resolving of issues or problems. Societal functions of Public Relations on the other hand, deal with external processes or how the company reaches out to society. This includes activities or strategies directed towards the public with the intention of addressing their needs and interests. The societal functi ons have intentions of both serving the objectives of the company and getting information from the public regarding their needs and concerns so these matters may be properly attended to. I have cited two specific functions each for both organizational and societal public relations. A. Organizational 1. Employee Relations This is part of the organizational function of Public Relations as the purpose of this strategy is to maintain a healthy employee-employer relationship with the aim of improving productivity, increasing morale and providing motivation (Employee Relations, 2001). Information is given to the employees regarding the goals, objectives and the current status or performance of the company. It is also a venue for the airing of grievances or concerns. It is usually done through internal communications like company newsletters or briefings, dialogues, recognition programs and other company events. 2. Media Relations The media has been the main instrument for Public Relations campaigns or programs. It is the means by which information which the organization needs and wants to convey to the public, is disseminated. Media Relations is establishing an affiliation with the media by consistently responding to them and reaching out to them. Public Relations, in this aspect acts as a representation of the company to the media. Media relations is part of the organizational function because it addresses the objectives of the company by establishing close cooperation with another group or entity which is very instrumental to the achievement of the company's goals. B. Societal 1. Marketing Communications Marketing Communications provides means to send messages across markets or to a specific market. Its focus is on the products and services of the company and is mainly concerned with the increase in demand and proper positioning of the products and services (Marketing Communications). The tasks involved in Marketing Communications include promotion, advertising, publicity, branding and packaging among others. These tasks help in the efforts to increase product awareness and sales of the company's products and

Monday, September 23, 2019

70's Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

70's Television - Essay Example This was a time when people were deeply involved with the Hippie movement, people wore bell bottom jeans and wore peace signs and the nation first heard the sounds of recording artists like David Bowie and The Beetles. (Mishkind). By this time the nation had also seen the assassination of Malcolm X, and had had all ready lost one of the most beloved presidents of all time to assassination, John F. Kennedy three years early. This was a time when people were protesting for their civil rights with Martin Luther King leading many marches in Selma Alabama and other southern states to bring equal rights to blacks in America. The Walk of Peace was created in New York City to protest the Vietnam War; it drew a small crowd of 10,000 people. These events shaped the culture of Baby Boomers as they donned their Hippie attire or corporate suits to show the world their individualism and to protest anything worth protesting at the time. Many young adults "tuned in and tuned out" with Timothy OLeary with the drug LSD that was becoming more popular than marijuana for some people. By 1967, television was seeing a variety of sitcoms and variety shows that attempted to entertain the American public. People were able to sit at home and watching fantasy shows like "Batman" and "Bewitched" and more. By 1967, "Batman" was the hottest television show with Burt Ward and Adam West heading the show with a host of criminals like "Catwoman," "The Joker, " and "The Riddler." It was silly, campy and funny with its weird camera angles and jocularity; and we cant forget "Rocky and Bullwinkle" (Ingram). Within all of this fun in September of 1967 audiences would be totally immersed in one of the most popular shows of all time: The Carol Burnett Show. Carol Burnett and her host of characters was joined by Harvey Korman, Lyle Waggoner, Tim Conway, and Vickie Lawrence with one single goal: to

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Influence to the Indian populace Essay Example for Free

Influence to the Indian populace Essay His influence to the Indian populace was so great that when he met an accident while filming the movie, Coolie, the whole nation prayed for his recovery. There was also a great number of Indians who donated blood for the actor. During the taping for the movie, Bachchan wanted a scene to be realistic so he suggested how the punch should be undertaken unfortunately, the acting got so intense that he ended up in pain. For several days, the doctors cannot find the source of Bachchan’s hurt, until one day, a doctor was able to detect a dark spot on his intestine. The dark spot was his undigested when the punch in his abdomen was made. After seventy-two hours of pain, the undigested food could have turned into poison (Mishra 142-143). His intestine was also ruptured as a result of his fall on the steel table after the punch administered by the stuntman (Chopra n. pag. ) The doctors opted for an immediate operation, however, while he was in the operating table, he lost signs of life. He was declared clinically dead until his wife, Jaya shouted that he saw him move his toe. After this remarkable statement of his wife, the doctors were able to revive him (Mishra 142-143). Throughout the period that he was in the hospital, his supporters speculated that the punch that he received was real and intentional—that it was meant to hurt him. However, no proof was established to back up the claim. After the recovery, Bachchan continued filming the movie to where he left off. He also thanked those who offered prayers for his recovery and the support that the entire nation devoted to him. To date, he is the only movie actor who received such sympathy. People from all walks of life showed all the support they can give and it was as if life in India stopped for Bachchan. Life only returned to its normal shape when it was declared that he is already safe (Mishra 142-143) Aside from acting, Bachchan also tried his luck in politics after he was swayed by his friend Rajiv Gandhi, whose mother was assassinated and won by sympathy vote. Bachchan was elected to a Parliamentary seat, however, this prestigious position did not prove beneficial to him as his name was included to a political controversy. Bachchan, his brother and Rajiv were accused with bribery. It was rumored that the Boffors company bribed Indian politicians to ensure that the government will buy tanks and other military equipment from them (Mishra 144). This hullabaloo seriously injured the name that Bachchan was able to established through time so he decided to quit politics two years after he first explored it. After his flop in the field of politics, Bachchan returned to his first love—film making. Bachchan is well loved by the Indians and his acting widely accepted, however, these love and acceptance were not enough to keep his star shining after the political controversy he faced. Mishra, however, points out that his breakdown in politics is not the direct cause of his collapse as a star. Just like the period when he started his sensational career as an actor, the people then were looking for variety, for something new to watch, the Indians also felt this way at some point when Bachchan was the king of the charts. The people were worn-out with the constant revenge and anger theme in his movies and were looking for something new—for a new approach in movies. This was the time when the need to revive Romanticism was felt. The revival of romance in the films brought back the idea of a character and once again motivation replaced generic predictability, something which Bachchan turned his back on (Mishra 138). For Bombay cinema to survive, the romantic twist had to return. And so, as Bachchan’s star waned, romance returned (Mishra 138). After his political stint and cinema flops, Bachchan shifted his attention to a new venture. He created a multi-faceted commercial enterprise known as the Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited or ABCL. The company delved in production and distribution of films and other ventures that involved the movie industry. For sometime, the company enjoyed success in producing movies and even catered the Miss World pageant in India in 1996. However, in its latter years, it faced so many debts that it reached bankruptcy (Indiaoye). His failure both in the political and business worlds, prompted him to go back to where he established his name—the entertainment industry. At 55, he filmed his comeback movie, Mrityutada. It was not as successful as his previous movies but it was enough to sustain him in the entertainment field. Two years after his comeback film, he was named in a BBC poll as the Superstar of the Millennium. This title placed him in equal footing with Sir Lawrence Olivier, Charlie Chaplin and Marlon Brando. Aside from this, he is also the first Asian actor to be included in Madame Tassaud’s wax museum (hindi lyrix n. pag. ). According to Mishra, Bachchan’s success in his career is not only because of his talent in acting but also because of his skill in building his image outside the theater houses. The author suggests three stages in the life of Bachchan that moulded his image as an actor. First is his relationship with his leading ladies, particularly Rekha. Rekha, the daughter of the Hindi actor Ganeshan, is a tall and good looking woman who exhibited real acting talent. She was one of the few actors then who brought â€Å"real sense of character to the films†. She was suspected by journalists to have established a romantic relation with Bachchan and this suspected relationship was â€Å"extensively documented in the fanzines†. Mishra suggests that this added to the growth of the â€Å"quietly sanctioned counternarrative† by the actor himself. However, Bachchan imposed censorship when journalists began to pester him (Mishra 140). The affair of Rekha and Bachchan was better revealed in the movie Silsila (Continuity, 1981). In this movie the actors showed what they could not reveal in real life—depicting the love triangle that exists between Jaya, the wife; Bachchan, the husband; and Rekha, the mistress (Mishra 141).

Friday, September 20, 2019

Receptor Activator of NK-κB for Tumor Cells

Receptor Activator of NK-ÃŽ ºB for Tumor Cells Introduction Cancers figure among the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for 8.2 million deaths in 2012 .Lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and breast cancers cause the most cancer deaths each year. It is expected that annual cancer cases will rise from 14 million in 2012 to 22 within the next two decades Over the past several years, proteolytic cleavage and release of the ectodomain of membrane-bound proteins, also referred to as ectodomain shedding, has emerged as an important posttranslational regulatory mechanism for modifying the function of cell surface proteins. The cleavage of RANK should decrease its availability on osteoclasts and their precursors and simultaneously generate soluble decoy receptors that may inhibit the RANKL–RANK association and their by NFkB signaling[27] It was previously demonstrated that tumor cells express RANK and activate RANKL-RANK pathway. The RANK/RANKL axis emerges as a key regulator of breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In addition, RANKL can protect breast cancer cells from apoptosis in response to DNA damage, as well as control the self-renewal and anchorage-independent growth of tumor initiating cells [13]. In a recent study it’s demonstrated that NK-ÃŽ ºB Signaling could be blocked by Enterokinase by cleavage of RANK (Receptor Activator of NK-ÃŽ ºB), suggests its possible application in treating diseases like Osteoporosis, cancer and diseases associated with bone loss [14]. Enterospeptidase could specifically cleave RANK on the sequence NEEDK was demonstrated by a surrogate peptide blocking assay [28] Enteropeptidase All animals need to digest exogenous macromolecules without destroying similar endogenous constituents. The regulation of digestive enzymes is, therefore, a fundamental requirement. Vertebrates have solved this problem, in part, by using a two-step enzymatic cascade to convert pancreatic zymogens to active enzymes in the lumen of the gut. Enteropeptidase (synonym: enterokinase [E.C.3.4.21.9]) is aglycoprotein enzymeof the digestive tract was discovered, by N. P. Schepovalnikow in 1899 in Russia (Walther 1900), as a element that is present in the duodenum and which can capable of activating pancreatic juice to digest fibrin. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) convert into its active form trypsin by enteropeptidase, with selective cleavage of 6-Lys-|-Ile-7 bond which causes subsequent activation of digestive enzymes in pancreatic secretions. Subsequent activation of trypsin,it cleaves and activates other zymogens in pancreatic secretions,including chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidases, and some prolipases [1] In almost all vertebrate species, a short trypsinogen activation peptide is released that terminates with the sequence Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys(DDDK) (2). except for the similar sequences of trypsinogens from lungfish (IEEDK and LEDDK) and African clawed frog (FDDDK). The unique enteropeptidase substrate specificity has been exploited in protein engineering. The enteropepetidase recognizing sequence DDDDK↓I is often used in recombinant proteins that necessitate specific cleavage.Enteropeptidases specificity for its recognizing sequence makes it an ideal tool in biochemical applications; following protein purification enteropeptidase can cleave a fusion protein containing a C-terminal tag (such as poly-His) linked by this sequence to obtain the target protein 1.1 Enteropeptidase 1.1.1 Enteropeptidase expression: Enterokinase is believed to be Exclusively produced in the brush border by enterocytes and goblet cells of the duodenal mucosa, the enteropeptidase is ubiquitously distributed among vertebrates (Eggermont et al., 1971a,b; Rinderknecht, 1986; Mithoshi et al., 1990). It secreted in to the small intestine. It lacks in crypts but found substantialiy in villous enterocytes and maximal in the upper half of the villi, partucilarly on the brush border. enteropeptidaseis secreted from glands following the entry of swallowed food passing from the intestin. It resists destruction from the various enzymes in the small intestine but is destroyed by bacteria in the large intestine. It has been purified from several sources including porcine (Barrati et al., 1973), bovine (Anderson et al.; Liepnieks and Light, 1979), human (Kitamoto et al., 1995), murine (Yang et al., 1998) and rat intestine (Yahagi et al., 1996). In all cases the protease seems to be expressed as a single-chain precursor, which must be cleaved to achieve the native disulfide-linked heterodimer, in the case of human enteropeptidase consisting of an 86 kDa heavy chain and a 28 kDa light chain. Most of the structural elements are highly conserved, especially between human, bovine and porcine enteropeptidase, which share more than 80% identity in their amino acid sequences. The heavy chain, which contains various domains including membranespanning hydrophobic membrane anchors, several receptorlike motifs and up to 10 intramolecular disulfide bridges, is responsible for specific macromolecular substrate recognition (Lu et al., 1997; Mikhailova et al., 2007). The light chain is connected to the heavy chain via one disulfide e bridge and contains the classical catalytic triad (His57, Asp102 and Ser195 in chymotrypsin numbering) with up to four intramolecular  disulfide bridges. The small and catalytically active light chain offers especially high potential for biotechnological applications, and several attempts to understand and improve the functionality of this protease have been made (Lu et al., 1999; Liew et al., 2007; Shahravan et al., 2008). et al., 2004), Lu et al. (1997) have determined the crystal structure of a bovine light chain complex with a trypsinogen activation peptide analogue at a resolution of 2.3 A  ° . Human enteropeptidase has been recombinantly expressed in E.coli by Gasparian et al. (2003), although this resulted in insoluble aggregates and no crystal structure has yet been reported. The subsequent refolding via 6 M guanidinium chloride resulted in a total refolding yield of 2% after two cycles of renaturation. Enteropeptidase is serine protease it’s a heterodimer of a multidomain heavy chain and a catalytic light chain linked by a disulfide bond . Enteropeptidase anchored to intestinal brush border of duodenal enterocytes by a transmem brane segment in the a 82–140 kDa heavy chain and a 35–62 kDa light chain which consist the catalytic subunit. Replacement of the transmembrane domain by a cleavable signal peptide does not impair trypsinogen activation, indicating that membrane association is not  required for substrate recognition (Lu et al., 1997)..[3]Enteropeptidase is a part of the  chymotrypsin-group of serine proteases, and is structurally resemble to these proteins.[4] 1.1.2. Enteropeptidase gene ontology: In humans, PRSS7 gene (also known as ENTK) encodes enteropeptidase enzyme on chromosome 21q21. The gene spans ~90-kb in length and has 25 exons .Enteropeptidase mRNA is expressed majorly in the duodenum and, at poor levels, in the proximal section of jejunum. The human enteropeptidase cDNA open reading frame of encodes a 1019 amino acids Type II transmembrane protein with a calculated mass of 113kDa and with particularly 17 potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Few frameshift and nonsense mutations in this gene lead to a rare recessive condition characterized by severe failure to thrive in affected newborns, because of enteropeptidase deficiency.[6] Conversely, duodenopancreatic reflux of proteolytically active enteropeptidase may cause acute and chronic pancreatitis. 1.1.4 Structure Bovine enteropeptidase is synthesized as a single-chain precursor of 1035 amino acid residues (5) that appears to require proteolytic activation, suggesting that enteropeptidase may not be the â€Å"first† protease of the digestive hydrolase cascade. Active enteropeptidase has been cleaved after Arg-800 to produce a disulfide-linked heterodimer with an amino-terminal 120-kDa heavy chain and a 47-kDa light chain; 40% of the actual mass of these polypeptides is due to glycosylation (6, 7). The deduced amino acid sequences suggested that from a single-chain precursor, active two-chain enteropepetidase is derived. A potential sigal-anchor (SA) sequence near the amino terminus mediates membrane association of enter peptidase in intestine. The amino-terminal heavy chain consist the domains that are homologous to sections of the low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR), two repeats found in complement serine proteases C1r and C1s, a MAM domain (so named for similar motifs first identified in the metalloprotease meprin, the Xenopus laevis neuronal recognition proteinA5, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase Mu), and a macrophage scavenger receptor cysteine-rich repeat ( MSCR). The light chain is a typical chymotrypsin-like serine protease. The activation cleavage site between the heavy and light chains has the sequence Val-Ser-Pro-Lys2Ile, which might be recognized by trypsin or other trypsin-like proteases. The carboxyl-terminal catalytic light chain is homologous to the class of trypsin-like serine proteases. Therefore, enteropeptidase is a mosaic protein with a complex evolutionary history. The enteropeptidase light chain amino acid sequence surrounding the amino terminus is ITPK-IVGG (human) or VSPK-IVGG (bovine), supporting that unidentified trypsin-like protease that cleaves Lys-fle bond to activate single-chain enteropeptidase.Therefore, enterokinase may not be the first enzyme of the cascade of intestinal digestive hydrolases. Enteropeptidase specificity for the DDDDK-I sequence of trpsinogen may be described by complementary basic-amino acid residues grouped in potential S2-S5 subsites. 1.1.3 enterokinase deficiency Therefore, enterokinase has been recognized to play a key role in regulating intestinal protein digestion. Certainly, patients with primary enterokinase deficiency, a genetic disorder with little or no enterokinase activity in the duodenum, have been reported to suffer from malabsorption and malnutrition, predominantly in infancy, and need to take drugs containing pancreatic enzyme mixture for recovery [2]. Because of its physiological importance, there have been a number of studies on the purification and characterization of enterokinase from various species [3-9] 1.1.5  Applications Entero kinase as Biotechnology tool Protein purification is frequently aided by use of protein tags: therefore, fusion proteins or chimeric proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology are utilized in the forefront of protein science research for applications as various as vaccine development, biochemical purification, immunodetection, functional genomics, analysis of protein trafficking, protein therapies, and analyses of protein– nucleic acid or protein–protein interactions (Beckwith 2000). In structural biology, where milligram amounts of homogeneous protein sample are generally required, the most common usefulness of chimeras participates in the separation of the fusion protein from the cell lysate by affinity chromatography. The most common affinity tags include E. coli thioredoxin (TRX; LaVallie et al. 2000),the hexa-histidine (His-tag; Bornhorst and Falke 2000), Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (GST; Smith 2000), Escherichia coli maltose-binding  protein (MBP; Sachdev and Chirgw in 2000)and avidin/streptavidin Strep tags (Skerra and Schmidt 2000). A number of other tags have also been developed (Stevens 2000). To produce crystals of a protein of interest to study its structure such as X-ray diffraction studies, bulky-affinity tags, such as MBP or GST, are generally removed using site-specific proteases in the engineered linker region, followed by purification to isolate the protein of interest from the affinity tag fusion protein and the used protease . However, certain problems may be faced during the cleavage step, including failure to recover active or structurally intact protein, high price of proteases (e.g., factor Xa and enterokinase),low yield, precipitation of the target protein or tedious optimization of cleavage conditions. Recent estimates indicate using a His-tag, maybe one-third to one-half of all proteins of prokaryotes cannot be overexpressed in bacteria as a soluble form (Edwards et al. 2000; Stevens 2000). This number is may higher for eukaryotic proteins, indicated by three latest high throughput studies (Braun et al. 2002; Hammarstrom et al. 2002; Shih et al. 2002), specifically bigger multi domain proteins. In E. coli, if the problem of insoluble expression of the His-tagged protein is faced, one or more of the following options are usually explored: varying culture growth conditions, chaperones co-expression, altering cell lines, or changing to a different affinity tag such as, TRX, MBP, GST or NusA Apart from affinity purification, the large-affinity tags offer numerous advantages. In a recent report, compared to the His-tag expression, TRX and MBP improved the solubility and expression of a set of 32, less than 20 kD small human of proteins in E. coli (Hammarstrom et al. 2002). For the sets of 32 larger human proteins (17–158kD; Braun et al. 2002) and 40 proteins of eukaryotes (9–100 kD; Shih et al. 2002), the large-affinity tags MBP (40 kD), NusA (54 kD), and GST (26 kD) were shown to be helpful in enhabcing the yield of soluble protein. One of the significant features of enteropeptidase is its exclusive substrate specificity, which recognizes Lys at P1 and a group of four Asp amino acid at P2-P5. Within this recognition sequence, a Lys or Arg residue at P1 and Lys residues at P2 and P3 seems to be highly essential for efficient cleavage (87). The structural factors for enteropeptidase substrate specificity have been contained in its catalytic light chain. There is a cluster of four conserved basic residues, R/KRRK at sites 96–99, which were assumed to interact with the acidic P2-P5 residues in the trypsinogen activation spot (74). Lys99 residue was found to have extensive contacts with the P2 and P4 Asp residues indicated in crystal structure of enteropeptidase light chain of bovine, (22). Lys99 amino acid is conserved in enteropeptidase from various species. Substitution of Lys99 with Alanine by site directed mutagenesis blocked enteropeptidase from activating trypsinogen. In compare, Lys96, Arg97 substituti on, and Arg98 residues on activity of bovine enteropeptidase had less significant effects (22). The exclusive enteropeptidase specificity for its substrate has been exploited in protein engineering. The DDDDK↓I sequence is ofen used in recombinant proteins where specific cleavage is required. Enteropeptidase has a high potential as a fusion protein cleavage reagent, because of high specificity for the amino-acid sequence (Asp) 4Lys,. An important benefit of enteropeptidase is that no crucial specificity residues are positioned on the C-terminal side of the scissile bond in its recognition site .Accordingly, when an affinity tag is linked to N-terminus the protein of interest,in maximum cases enteropeptidase is able to produce a digestion product with a native N-terminus. A study inspecting the significance of the P1–P5 positions concluded that the P1 lysine was the most important specificity element, followed by the aspartate amino acids in the P2, P3, P5 and P4 positions, respectively, with the latter position donating very little to specificity In an effort to improve the utility of enteropeptidase for processing fusion proteins and to better understand its structure and function Activating Proteses The N-terminal pro-sequence of proteases which must be cleaved prior to activation can be mutated to enable activation with enteropeptidase.[7] Target for Obesity Treatment Congenital enteropeptidase deficiency now days attracted attention as a novel target for obesity Treatment, among the identified genetic diseases related with starvation human phenotype, Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder, in which various environmental factors and several genes are involved [1], [2]. Previous research targeting to develop drugs for treatment of obesity and type II diabetes has targeted genes that are linked with a fat human phenotype. Certainly, substantial work has been dedicated to participates developing drugs against these so called â€Å"obesity genes,† all of which are, directly or indirectly, in energy controlling; e.g., control of appetite, energy generation; carbohydrate and protein metabolisms, satiety, or thermogenesis, fatty acid, etc. [3], [4]. However, in humans, obesity is hardly attributable to the role of a single gene (wild or mutated). Additionally, the high redundancy of genes participates in energy management makes it unlikely that obesity will ever be controlled by affecting just one gene The foregoing proposes that EP activity may aid as selective and competent target for metabolic disorders treatment. While complete of blocking enteropeptidase would cause the unwanted side effects observed in patients affected by CEP, partial inhibition should reduce the efficacy of energy absorption through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A 15–20% decrease in the daily absorption of deriving energy from both fatty acids and proteins should have a major influence on long-term weight controlling, and it should be an extra effective weight-control measure than a treatment centered only on pancreatic lipase inhibitors such as Alli or Xenical. It should be noted that these drugs endorse the buildup of undigested lipids in the intestinal tract, causing in leaky stool and diarrhea. An additional benefit of partial enteropeptidase inhibition is that the combination of undigested proteins and lipids would be more reliable than just fat, debatably fading or suppressing the above unpl easant effects.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Moses Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Mystery of Moses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moses is one of the most revered and important characters of the Old Testament. Yet, as much as we know about the people of that time, Moses is still a figure shrouded in mystery. His existence is not proven; his life is contradictory to itself, and his persona, as shown through the bible, is immensely glorified. But, who was he? Was he real or just a bedtime myth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many theories of the origin of Moses. According to the bible Moses was a man born of Hebrew descent. At the time of his birth, the Pharaoh felt his kingdom threatened by the Israelites (Hebrews) and ordered that every newborn male Israelite be dropped into the Nile River. His mother, daughter of Levi according to the New American Standard Bible, placed him in a basket made of reed and send him down the river in fear for his safety. He was picked up and adopted by the Pharaoh's daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day Moses witnessed a taskmaster beating an Israelite for no reason so Moses killed the taskmaster. The Pharaoh heard of this and ordered that Moses be sentenced to death. He escaped the land of Egypt to Midian where he met his wife Zipporah. He had lived in Midian for a while when the Lord appeared to Moses in the form of a burning bush. The lord gave Moses the task of leading the Israelites out of bondage and into then Promised Land. He reluctant ly accepted after god told him the name by which to call him. The New American Standard Bible states simply that god revealed his secret name to Moses and Moses accepted. Other versions of the bible talk of a staff that can transform into a snake and a hand of Leperas. Either way, Moses accepted and descended into Egypt to talk with the Pharaoh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moses asked for his people s freedom and the Pharaoh refused. He then brought ten plagues to Egypt water to blood, frogs, gnats, flies, pestilence, hail, locusts, darkness, and death of the first born. The Israelites were granted passage out of the lands of Egypt and they headed towards the Red Sea. When they reached the Red Sea, the Pharaoh was behind them, pursuing with a sense of vengeance. The Lord helped Moses to part the waters of the Red Sea and the Israelites made their way through the towering waters. The Egyptian army followed and was swallowed by the waters as ... ...arguments to their being the same person, but is it possible the chronological scale could have been that far off. It is hard to prove or disprove this theory until we find the tomb of Akhanaton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether Moses was real, another person entirely, or just a bedtime story for small children, he led the Hebrew people to the Promised Land. He fulfilled the covenant given to Abraham and Isaac and Israel. His story is arguably the most important in the Old Testament, taking up five books. He lived the life of an Egyptian prince, a simple Shepard, and the Hebrew savior, leading his people out of oppression. â€Å"Since then no prophet has arisen in Israel like Moses, whom the Lord knew face to face. He had no equal in all the signs and wonders the lord sent him to perform in the land of Egypt against the Pharaoh and all his servants and all his land, and for the might and the terrifying power that Moses exhibited in the sight of Israel.† (Deut. 34.10) Bibliography Hooker, Richard. â€Å"Akhnaton.† World Civilizations. 1996 (30 Sept. 2000) The New American Bible. Iowa Falls: World Bible Publishers, Inc., 1991

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Data Encryption Essay -- Computer Technology

Encryption Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used. Encryption converts a message in such as way that its contents are hidden from unauthorized readers. It is intended to keep messages and information as a secret. Plaintext, also known as clear text, is the plain or original message, which is has not yet been encrypted. Once the message is encrypted it is then called a cipher text. This process is obviously referred as encryption. The exact opposite process is called decryption. Encryption is the most successful way to attain data security. To read an encrypted file, you must have access to a secret key or password that enables you to decrypt it. Data encryption is a means of scrambling the data so that is can only be read by the person holding the key, a password of some sort. Without the key, the cipher cannot be broken and the data remains secure. Using the key, the cipher is decrypted and the data is returned to its original value or state. Each time one desires to encrypt data, a key from the 72,000,000,000,000,000 possible k ey variations, is randomly produced, and used to encrypt the data. The same key must be made known to the receiver if they ar... ...M and the US National Security Agency. It was previously the most dominant type of encryption, but it is now being taken over by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). Since data encryption standard, only took on a 56-bit symmetric key encryption, AES uses three key sizes, 128, 192, and 256 bits. When personal computer users want to encrypt email or other documents, they go to Phillip Zimmerman?s "Pretty Good Privacy" software. This software allows you to digitally sign a message, which verifies to the recipient that you are the sender and that no interfering is involved. Works Cited: "Data Encryption Standard (DES)". http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip46-2.htm "TechTalk: Encryption."Computer Concepts. Parsons, June. Boston,Course Technology, 2006. Pg 328-331. "Encryption". http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci212062,00.html

Assemble & Associate :: essays research papers

Assemble and Associate The first amendment of the Constitution is one of the most fundamental and essential appendages to the C onstitution that statesmen could ever have made. It basically provides the way and means for any citizen of the United States to speak freely, worship freely, assemble with whomever they want, and complain to the government. One of the most important of those freedoms however, is the right of association. Association protects the rights of persons to enter into relationships with one another unhampered by intrusive governmental regulation. More specifically expressive association protects the right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends. The right to associate, being derived from the provisions of free speech and assembly, is fundamental to all private associations so that they might have the right to their own standards for membership and leadership. The Boy Scouts of America has been a private organization with the mission and chartered purpose of providing character-building experiences for young people since its founding in 1910. The organization’s Oath states, â€Å"On my honor I will do my best †¦ to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.† It is a scout’s duty to uphold this oath and live by the scout law. In April of 2000 the Boy Scouts of America’s rights to establish its own standards of membership and continue to instill the values of the Scout Oath and Law into the scouts were challenged. An individual's position as assistant scoutmaster of a New Jersey troop was revoked after a division of the Boy Scouts learned that the individual was an avowed homosexual and gay rights activist. The assistant scoutmaster filed suit in the New Jersey Superior Court, and alleged, among other matters, that the Boy Scouts had violated a state law prohibiting discrimination in places of public accommodation on the basis of sexual orientation. The Boy Scouts held that this violated their First Amendment right of expressive association. The Boy Scouts of America believe an avowed homosexual is not a role model for the values espoused in the Scout Oath and Law. The right of association is utterly the most important principle in the issue of the Boy Scouts of America and their right to be selective in their requirements of leadership. The Boy Scouts have the right to assemble with whomever they choose.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

To Kill a Mockingbird: Innocence

A songbird's melody can evoke happiness in anyone, as can the smiling face of a child. The mockingbird sings for the sake of singing, and an innocent child possesses an inborn joyfulness, as natural as instinct. Yet a mockingbird's song dies as easily as the innocence of a child. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem are portrayed as innocents, uncorrupted by our world of prejudice and racism. Their world is simple, sensible, a child's world.However, three years in the life of 8-year-old Scout Finch, her brother, Jem, and their father, Atticus, are consumed by the arrest and eventual trial of a young black man accused of raping a white woman. By the end of the novel, their world has expanded to enclose the irrational nature of humans. Jem and Scout's growing up is portrayed by a series of events that shatters their innocence as easily as a mockingbird can be silenced.Lee uses a combination of insignificant and profound events: the trial of Tom Robinson, Walter C unningham, and their relationship with Boo Radley to develop and display the children’s growth in maturity. One of the first cracks in Scout’s armour of naivete occurs due to the fact that she speaks her mind. On Scout’s first day of school Scout tries to explain to her teacher that she is embarrassing Walter Cunningham by offering him something that he will not be able to pay back. Scout realizes that because her teacher is not a local, she will not know that about the Cunningham’s, but Scout's explanation gets her into trouble.When Scout explains â€Å"Walter’s one of the Cunningham’s,† (26), she was not trying to be insulting, but Miss Caroline mistakes her frank and innocent explanation as arrogance or rudeness and punishes her for it. Scout's perception of the world and her classmates is not yet marred by the social divisions that adults see. When Scout has Walter over for a meal Scout really does insult Walter this time as she q uestions the way he eats by saying â€Å"But he’s gone and drowned his dinner in syrup† (32) and makes him feel self-conscious.She is not doing it intentionally, she is just curious because she has never seen people who eat that way. She is too young to understand the social graces of Southern hospitality that dictate that you are always to make people feel at home and welcome no matter how unusual their habits may be. Scout and Jem are surrounded by racism and prejudice as children, but until they mature , they do not see it for what it is, until something enormously, obviously wrong occurs close to home. At first Scout does not understand what is wrong and keeps asking Jem questions about what is happening.While Atticus is asking questions directed to Mayella, â€Å"Slowly but surely [she] could see the pattern of Atticus’ questions† (244). Although this shows that Scout’s understanding about her father has improved, she is still oblivious to the deeper meaning of the trial. While Jem is explaining to Dill, Scout â€Å"supposes† it is â€Å"the finer points of the trial† (252). With Jem being able to do this, this proves that Jem has matured greatly since the beginning. But what surprised Scout and blew Jem away was the obvious unfairness of the verdict.When Jem states â€Å"You just can’t convict a man on evidence like that,† proves that Jem realizes the injustice that Tom Robinson faced (295). Atticus has shielded Scout and her brother from any outward prejudice against blacks. However, even he could not keep out the thought that coloured were not quite the same. Racism has been so deeply ingrained that Scout didn't realize its intensity and results until that tragedy opened her eyes. As a result, racism and its effects entered the ever-expanding world of the Finch children.Because of the perspective of childhood innocence, Boo Radley is given no identity apart from the youthful superstitions t hat surround him, and it is these superstitions that leave Jem and Scout oblivious to the fact that Boo just wants to protect them. Scout at first describes Boo as a â€Å"malevolent phantom,† (10) while Jem illustrates him as a â€Å"six-and-a-half feet tall† man that â€Å"dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch† (16). With these expressions they demonstrated how innocent the children are.After the children have found gifts inside a knot hole in a tree, their father finds out about their â€Å"game†. When Atticus witnesses his children leaving a note in the hole, he believes his children are causing harm so he tells them to â€Å"stop tormenting the man† (65). When Atticus says, â€Å"You just told me,† Jem did not realize that without actually saying that they were playing the Boo Radley game he still admitted to his father that that is what they were doing. Originally portrayed as a freak and a lunatic, Boo Radley continues to gain the sympathy of the children.When Nathan Radley closes the hole, Scout sees it as no more gifts, but Jem takes it more to heart. Nathan Radley claims that the â€Å"tree’s dying† (83) so Jem asks his father where he says that the tree is fine. When Jem realizes that Nathan had just cut off their connection, he was â€Å"crying,† (84). It is when Scout and Jem need saving that Scout understands that Boo was just merely looking out for them. While saying â€Å"Hey Boo† in person, this shows how mature Scout has gotten during the three years (362).Scout losses her innocence when she realizes that Boo Radley has given so much to them- gifts in the tree, a warm blanket on a cold night, folded up pants on a fence and their LIVES, but they have never repaid him. As if they were the harmless songbirds, the children's innocence is shattered by these events. Through their interactions with Walter, Tom’s trial and Boo Radley social prejudice, racism, mo bs, and â€Å"social exceptions† are now a part of their world. The naivete and purity have been replaced by the knowledge of human nature and the corruption of our world. The world is no longer simple, and the mockingbird is dead.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Analysis and Evaluation of the Attractiveness of the Uk Market

The Apple TV: Analysis and evaluation of the attractiveness of the current UK market Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the three levels of the marketing environment for Apple TV and studies the attractiveness of the current UK market. It will consider the future success or not of the apple TV in the UK and from this analysis recommend the modifications and improvement apple should do.Most of the information in the report is based on market reports such as Keynote, Websites, Newspapers and finally the â€Å"Marketing an Introduction† (8th Edition) textbook (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker, Ross Brenan; 2007) and the lecture slides provided by Michael Harker. The principal theories which were significant in the redaction of this report were the SWOT analysis and the PEST analysis. Results of data analyzed show that: †¢ Apple has a strong brand image and international popularity and makes large investment in research and devel opment. The television industry is radically changing with the appearance of a new type of television service, the internet television. †¢Apple TV has numerous and strong competitors. †¢Because of the strong position of its suppliers Apple suffers from the pricing pressure. †¢The Apple TV's price is too expensive. †¢The number of formats supported by the Apple TV is too limited. In conclusion we can recommend Apple to lower the price and increase the number of formats supported by the Apple TV. Apple should fabricate itself some of the Apple TV's components to be out of the pressure provided by its suppliers.Apple should also differentiate itself by increasing the number of Application downloadable for the apple TV and creating a special Touch screen working with the Apple TV. The reliability of this report is partially limited because it is concentrated on the study of the micro and macro environment. It is essentially based on secondary resources and some infor mation provided by non official and official website can be not impartial or not up to date. Furthermore Apple refuses to give too much information about the Apple TV and its finance. CONTENTS: Presentation page (p1) I)Executive Summary (p2) II)Contents (p3) II) Introduction (p4)III) Analysis and Interpretations (p4) 1) Micro-Environment (p4) A- The company (p4) B-The suppliers (p5) C-Marketing intermediaries (p5) D- Competitors (p5/6) D-Consumers (p6) 2) Internal Environment (p6) A-Employees (p6/7) B-Finance (p7) 3) Macro-Environment (p7) A-Political and economic (p7) B-Social (p7/8) C-Technologic (p8) D-Environmental (p8) E-Legal (p9) IV) Conclusion (p9) V) Recommendations (p10) VI) Bibliography (p10/11/12/13) VII) Appendix (p13) Introduction Created in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Apple Company is an American informatics multinational corporation which is headquartered in Cupertino, Silicon Valley.Best known for its skills in computers, Apple has diversified in recent years by venturing i nto the music industry and the mobile phone. Always attracted by new opportunities, Apple touches today with its Apple TV a market that it has never explored: the television. But is this new technology a good business idea and does this product have a chance to succeed in a country such as the UK? To answer this question and to give some advice and recommendation about the Apple TV this report will study its three environment level in the UK market.Every section provides an abstract rate which gives an approximate idea of the Attractiveness of the current UK market. Analysis & Interpretation I)The microenvironment First, this report will analyze the microenvironment which consists of â€Å"the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve the customer†. (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker and Ross Brenan; 2007, p) The company †¢These recent years Apple has managed to establish itself well in the world market. The company did not stop growing dur ing the last 10 years and became more and more efficient and competitive. Moreover, because of its exponential growth, opportunities are opening up to the organization such as the massive reinvestment in research and development. (Wikinvest, 2010) †¢Apple uses an effective advertising strategy and has a website easy to use, attractive, and informative. †¢Apple has an international popularity and a strong brand name which continue to increase the company in the world market. Rating: 8. 5/10 Suppliers †¢Apple requires each of its suppliers to meet the highest standards for all goods and services. Apple business environment is competitive and fast-paced.That is why their suppliers must understand this dynamic and be agile and flexible in responding to changing business conditions. (Apple,2010) †¢The most expensive components of the Apple TV are the processor A4 Apple designed and manufactured by Samsung (16. 55 dollar), the 8 GB flash memory products by Toshiba (14 dollar) and the chip supports from Broadcom Communications Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (about 7. 65 dollars). This doesn’t take into account the costs of research and development, product transport, logistics costs and even the marketing budget. cnet new, 2010) †¢With a net production cost of 64 dollars and a sale price of $ 99 U. S. , Apple's margin is not very important. We can also underline that Apple suppliers have a very strong position which can make Apple suffer of the pricing pressure. (macnn, 2010) Rating: 5/10 Marketing Intermediaries: †¢Apple Retail Stores: At the end of June of this year Apple had 293 retail stores open for business and during September Apple opened 24 new stores all around the world. In the UK there are 29 Apples stores. Besides during the month of June, store revenue increased 73% to $2. 78 billion and produced average store sales of $9 million. (postsateventide, 2010) †¢Others: Apple has also a large number of other retailers such as FN AC. †¢Apple has a large number of retailer which are efficient and provides the company an important revenue. Rating: 6/10 Competitor: †¢For this product, the search engine Google also launches into battle with its â€Å"Google TV†, designed by Japan's Sony and the U. S. Logitech. (BBC,2010) †¢Furthermore, in the United Kingdom the party may not be easy because of the success of TV offerings on the Internet, included in subscriptions providing triple play (broadband, TV, phone connection).ISPs Internet multiply the number of available channels and services: catch-up TV, VaD †¦ All at a competitive price yet (between 30 and 40 euros per month for the triple play). (oezratty, 2010) Companies such as SKY are well implanted in the market and don't stop growing and developing. (market report) †¢In addition Apple will have to deal with other products that already make the same type of services, such as game consoles lounge (Sony's PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 from Microsoft). (macgeneration, 2010) †¢ In the U. S. there are also cases very similar to the Apple TV, that start-up Vudu and Roku California, where boxing Box, D-Link. If they are a success they may extend to the rest of the world including the UK. (popsci, 2008) Rating: 3/10 Consumer: †¢Apple is marketing to people who have a few characteristics. Most of the time Middle/Upper income folks ages 12-35 who are willing to pay a bit more for a better user experience. Its consumers are people who enjoy technology and in this case especially people who like to conserve a lot of digital photos or video. The prime target seems to be an iTunes user who is already used to the Apple concept. But because of the Hi-Def nature of the Apple TV, only a small percentage of this target audience will really buy one. Rating: 3/10 II)The interne environment : Employees: Apple employees are trained to have very strong technical knowledge and to be very efficient in order to deliver a high standard of consumer service. Despite this, these recent years have seen the appearance of numerous scandals especially about its China factories' employees.Indeed stories about employees' suicide (BBC, 2010), employees' poisoning (Macobservers, 2010) and the presence of children of fifteen years old as employees (telegraph, 2010) has greatly tarnished the company's image. That is why Apple has seriously reviewed the maintenance of its factories in China to avoid further scandals (note a contract signed by the employees in whom they undertake not to commit suicide). Finance: †¢As Steve Jobs says, the analysis of their quarterly revenue makes us understand why â€Å"Apple is now a $50 billion company†: The Company posted revenue of $15. 68 billion and a net quarterly profit of $3. 8 billion. (Apple, 2010) †¢Apple has moved more than 250,000 units since the device went on sale. (MacWorld,2010) Rating: 5/10 III) The macro environment: This analyze will finally end with a study of he macro environment which consists of â€Å"the larger societal forces that affect the micro environment. † (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker and Ross Brenan; 2007, p) Political and economic †¢Analyzing the political aspect of its company we can see that Apple is a stable organization which is located in 31 countries. When it comes to the economy the company tries to adjust to the economic situation of their market. Today they have to face the crisis of 2009 which created unemployment and inflation, and has impoverished most of the population. †¢Unemployment in the UK now stands at 2. 45 million, following a fall of 9,000 in the three months to October but the inflation rate rose to 3. 2%. The UK is still very affected by the crisis. (BBC, 2010) Rating: 3/10 Social To study the sociocultural aspect of the macro environment Apple, many factors have to be taken into account †¢The population of the UK is ageing. Over the past 25 years, th e median age increased from 35 years in 1984 to 39 years in 2009.It is projected to continue to increase over the next 25 years rising to 42 by 2034. (statistics. gov,2010) †¢The culture aspect of the Apple TV environment is favorable to the success of this product because the today’s society wants always to have new technology that is more and more efficient and developed and most people will not be afraid to purchase a new technology. †¢Easy to use, their product seems perfectly adapted to this segment of the population which, while appreciating the new technology, is especially looking for product easy to use providing a simple and fun interface.Rating: 5/10 Technological †¢To improve the technology aspect of the macro environment, the company makes use of various technological innovations that help in increasing productivity and improving the quality of their products. †¢Indeed, the television industry is radically changing with the development of a ne w type of television service, the internet television. Users are now being delivered directly to TV sets in broadband-enabled households around the globe and are now offered with free-to-view television via their online ideo players, giving them more choice about how and when they watch (researchandmarkets, 2010). †¢After the failure of the product’s first edition presented in September 2006, Steve Jobs announced a second-generation version of the Apple TV in September 2010 which seemed to have many advantages compared to its predecessor. About a quarter of the size and one-third of the price of the original Apple TV, the new Apple TV dispenses with the PC/Mac link altogether, to provide a direct connection to the Web and a video download service is included. With its new product, Apple makes new improvements in online video. It puts at the disposal of users thousands and thousands of online video programs accessible via the iTunes store. The Apple TV is easy to use and prevents users from buffering, downloading, stuttering, or subscribing. (LOUDERBACK, 2008) †¢Moreover, unequal access to broadband means that viewing TV via Internet with a good level of image quality is only accessible part of the population. (Oezratty, 2010) Rating: 3/10 Environmental Because Apple knows that the ecological aspect of its production is very important to improve its image to its clients, the company uses Greenpeace as a way to recycle its polluting components (Greenpeace, 2007). Rating: 5/10 Legal And finally to switch with the law component of the macro environment Apple makes sure they comply with what the law states in the country and they respect the regulated standards of the country. In the UK Apple has to follow the EU anti-competitive laws: †¢Both UK and EU competition law prohibit agreements, arrangements and concerted business practices which prevent, restrict or distort competition. They prohibit businesses with significant market shares unfairl y exploiting their strong market positions. (out-law, 2010) Rating: 6/10 Conclusion Apple has an international popularity, a strong brand name and has considerably increased its fund in research and development. Thanks to this, most of their products have been a real success (IPod, IPhone †¦) But as Steve Jobs says the apple TV is still a hobby for the company which would like to succeed one day in the television industry, and today this product is still too weak to succeed in this market. First, the price (119? is too expensive at a time when the market has switched to the online rental. Then, most of the users will prefer to access directly to their music, films and photo with their computer using the Shortcuts to which they are used. Furthermore the Apple TV does nothing more than the box of an operator even if it is simpler with an interface that is clear and entertaining. Its possibilities are even less at some levels, since the formats supported are those dubbed by Apple: H. 624, MPEG-4, M-JPEG, AIFF, MP3, AAC, JPEG, GIF and TIFF (to mention only the main).This new market is highly competitive and Apple is not sufficiently differentiated to its competitors. Finally, the Apple's suppliers have a too important influence on the company. Final rate: 4/10 Recommendations Following the Marketing environment analysis and the conclusion some advices can be recommended to Apple. †¢Lower the price. †¢For broadband, Apple may just wait or target its bid on these target audiences that may already be well connected. †¢Apple may also overshadow all other competitors on the market by creating an application â€Å"Store TV† as the Iphone. Increase the number of format supported by the Apple TV including the divX. †¢Apple should fabricate for itself some of the Apple TV's component such as the GB flash memory. †¢Increase the number of Application downloadable for the apple TV including the Iphone's application †¢ Created a specia l Touch screen working with the Apple TV which could provide the user a manual photo or video retouching system. †¢Avoiding scandals such as the China's ones and being stricter about its foreign supplier conventions. References Book: Marketing an Introduction† (8th Edition) textbook (Gary Armstrong, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker, Ross Brenan; 2007) Websites: -(wikinvest, 2010) Research and Development excerpt taken from the AAPL 10-K filed Jan 25, 2010. http://www. wikinvest. com/stock/Apple_(AAPL)/Research_Development -(Apple,2010) Apple and procurement, 2010 http://www. apple. com/procurement/ -(postsateventide, 2010) Apple and law of large numbers, Robert Paul Leitao, July 31, 2010 http://www. postsateventide. com/2010/07/apple-and-law-of-large-numbers. tml – (oezratty, 2010) Apple peut-il reussir dans la TV? 25 august 2010 http://www. oezratty. net/wordpress/2010/apple-peut-il-reussir-dans-la-tv/ – (macgeneration, 2010) L’Apple TV, console masque, Jean-Baptiste Giraud, October 2010 http://friendfeed. com/uberapple/47cd4a0d/lapple-tv-console-masquee-macgeneration -(Apple, 2010) Apple Reports First Quarter Results http://www. apple. com/pr/library/2010/01/25results. html -(statistics. gov,2010) Fastest increase in the ‘oldest old’, Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland http://www. statistics. ov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=949 -(researchandmarkets, 2010) Internet Television: 2010 to 2014 – Analyzing How the Internet will Change Television http://researchandmarkets. net/reportinfo. asp? report_id=1343728&t=d&cat_id= – (Greenpeace, 2007) Tasty news from Apple! http://www. greenpeace. org/international/en/news/features/tasty-apple-news-020507/ -(Out-law, 2010) Competition law – the basics, based on UK law, updated in April 2010. http://www. out-law. com/page-5811 Newspaper: -(BBC,2010) Google and Apple heat up battle for TV screens By Maggie Shiels http://www. bc. co. u k/news/technology-11521742 -(BBC, 2010) Apple boss defends conditions at iPhone factory http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/10212604 -(BBC, 2010) UK inflation rate in surprise October increase http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-11764588 -(cnet new, 2010) New Apple TV may cost less than $64 to build, October 5, 2010 http://www. macnn. com/articles/10/10/05/could. prove. more. profitable/. -(Telegraph, 2010) Apple admits using child labour, Malcolm Moore, 27 Feb 2010 http://www. telegraph. co. k/technology/apple/7330986/Apple-admits-using-child-labour. html -(MacWorld,2010) Apple sales top $20 billion in fiscal fourth quarter, Oct 18, 2010, Philip Michaels http://www. macworld. com/article/154967/2010/10/4q_earnings. html -(Macobservers, 2010) China Factory Workers Claim Poisoning from Apple Products October, 2010, Jeff Gamet http://www. macobserver. com/tmo/article/china_factory_workers_claim_poisoning_from_apple_products/ -(popsci, 2008) BATTLE OF THE INTERNET VIDEO BOXES: NETFLIX VS. A PPLE TV VS. VUDU, Sean Captain, 2008 http://www. popsci. om/gear-gadgets/article/2008-06/battle-internet-video-boxes-netflix-vs-apple-tv-vs-vudu -(macnn, 2010) New Apple TV may cost less than $64 to build, October 5, 2010 http://www. macnn. com/articles/10/10/05/could. prove. more. profitable/. Reports: -(LOUDERBACK, 2008) JIM LOUDERBACK, Apple TV's Extreme Makeover, PC Magazine 27 no7 58 Je 2008 http://www. keynote. co. uk/market-intelligence/view/product/1276/digital-tv/chapter/1/executive_summary -(market report) Digital TV Market Report, 2003 http://www. keynote. co. uk/market-intelligence/reports/category/new-media Graphs: -Appendix1: The microenvironment

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Renewable energy sources

Traditionally, wood is the main form in which biomass is used as an energy source. The biomass is used to boil water to provide steam to turn turbines. In Great Britain most commercially produced wood is used for timber, but when a conifer plantation is felled, there are branches and low-grade timber that can be used for fuel. Straw left over from harvesting cereal crops can also be used to produce energy. When used for energy the cost of collecting, storage and transporting bulky problems is a problem. Most examples rely on a community-based collection used locally in a close plant or used on the farm that produced the straw and is widely used in Denmark and the USA. Stubble used to be burnt, but this was made illegal in the UK. Most stubble is used for bedding. When burnt straw leaves ash, which contains nutrients, which can quickly be extracted from the soil by the new crop. This method is still used in many developing countries. It is very rarely ploughed in as it takes along time to biodegrade and as it does so it creates anaerobic pockets in the soil. Wood can be exploited as a renewable resource if fast growing species are used. In the UK willow is used (popular was also used once). The plants are grown close together then once a sufficient root system is established they are coppiced. Then all new growths when of the correct length are harvested and chipped. Once the willow is dried and then used. This is often used on low quality land (marginal) or set aside, or areas where biological control is being encouraged. Biomass to Gasohol Fermentation of sugar by yeasts converts the energy in sugar biomass to ethanol, which can then be used as a fuel. Gasohol is made of 80-90% unleaded petrol and 10-20% ethanol and is used in cars (It can be used in pure form, but petrol is added to stop people drinking it). The sugar is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet. This form has been relatively unsuccessful. Sugar cane is grown in tropical areas, where as sugar beat is grown in temperate countries. The sugary sap is extracted and then treated to make molasses, which is then stored until it is needed for fermenting. Ethanol is a much cleaner fuel and produces much less pollution, but it is much more expensive to produce. Especially as the farmers can also sell the crop to be made into refined sugar. This production is unlikely ever to work due to politics and the oil industry. In the end it can not be considered as a real alternative ,as 80-90% of it is made from a fossil fuel. Once the sugar is extracted the fibrous residue (bagasse) is dried and then burnt as a fuel to ferment the malasses. 1) Growing and cropping of sugar. 2) Extraction of sugars by crushing and washing cane. 3) Crystallization out of sucrose (for sale) leaving the syrup of glucose and fructose (molases) 4) Fermentation of molasses to yield dilute alcohol. 5) Distillation of dilute alcohol to give pure ethanol, using bagasse as a power source. A more promising is oilseed rape which has been used to power buses in certain areas of the UK as part of a trial and in Italy, it is added to diesel and can be added to make up 30% of the mixture (rpae methyl ester, RME). It produces fewer sooty particles and no sulphur dioxide. Also coconut oil in Philippines, palm and castor oil, Brazil and sunflower oil in South Africa. Domestic waste Disposal of domestic and industrial waste has become a large problem around the world. In the UK about 300kg of waste is produced per person per year. Dumping the waste causes many problems e.g. leakage of pollution and using up land. It might be possible to burn the fuel for energy (cellchip in the UK in London does this but people have to separate some of the waste first. However, all the houses that take part close to the plant reciev free hot water.) Some landfill sites have been constructed to collect the gas (methane) produced from the anaerobic conditions for use. Agricultural waste (Biogas) Biogas can convert the energy in biomass into biogas, a gaseous fuel that consists mainly of methane, by fermentation. Typically biogas is made of: 65% methane, 35% CO2, with tracea of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and water vapour. usually dung (slurry) from farm animals is used in the fermentation process so that waste products are turned into something useful, as the leftover sludge can be used as a fertiliser. The digestion process occurs in 3 stages: 1) Aerobic bacteria convert lipids and carbohydrates in the biomass into sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and glycerol by hydrolysis (0-10 days, acids cause pH to fall). 2) Acetogenic bacteria convert sugars and other products of stage 1 into short-chain fatty acids e.g. acetic acid = acetogenesis (stages 2+3, 10-45 days acids used up, pH increases, methane produced.). 3) Anaerobic bacteria convert the fatty acids into methane = methogenesis. Conditions must be anaerobic as the bacteria are only active when there is no oxygen present. They are called obligate anaerobes. Temperatures must be kept between 30-40o because the bacteria are sensitive to temperature changes. The reactions take place in a digester. It must be i) Strong and large enough to hold large volumes of liquid and withstand pressure build up. ii) Gas-tight and allow aerobic conditions to be maintained. iii) Have an inlet for loading material, an outlet for the gas and a way of unloading the residue. iv) be buried in the ground to help withstand pressure and act as an insulator. Often several digesters are used together to maintain a continuous supply of gas. It provides a useful way of getting rid of animal waste. (eutrophication)