Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Improving Teaching Methods in a Dental School

Dentistry is one of the most important branches in medicine. It deals with various mouth and maxilla diseases and studies their possible treatment, prevention, and diagnoses. Without any doubts, proper hygiene of the mouth and care about teeth are very important issues to consider. We communicate with different people day by day.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Improving Teaching Methods in a Dental School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will be rather unpleasant if mouth hygiene will be terrible and communication may cause certain inconveniences and a kind of disgust for both sides. (Khosla 2006) This is why dentistry and oral hygiene are crucially important to be studied and analyzed. With the help of captivating and effective teaching methods, students and teachers may easily improve their skills, enlarge their knowledge, and provide their future client with better services. Everything starts with proper education; and I, as a teacher of a module on crown recementation and denture-relining procedures, clearly comprehend this truth and try to present only the best teaching for my students, using modern methods only. In this work, I will present several reliable methods of teaching in the field of dentistry, learning theories, and other concepts to improve medicine and underline the importance of oral hygiene. In order to present really effective teaching, it is crucially important to clear up the goals, define self-directed and cooperative learning, present proper classroom management, and, of course, understand students. (Borich, 2006) Without any doubts, one of the first steps, which should be taken at first, is professional identity. The sphere of my teaching is crown recementation and denture relining procedures. There are several types of cement that is possible for crown recementation, and each of them should be studied thoroughly in order not to make a mistake while ce menting. (Phinney and Halstead 2003) Denture relining is also significant, when an already existed denture starts falling down or slipping. Such changes may happen due to several reasons: water retention, different kinds of infections, bone’s resorbing, etc. (Tyson, Yemm, Scott 2007) This is why in order to get a clear understanding of the reasons why injures happen, it is better to concentrate on the symptoms, problems, and consequences. Almost the same happens in teaching about dentistry. Such way of research is also offered by Bennett, Peck, and Higgins. They suggest gathering enough information from and about students and identifying their possible problems in order to provide them with proper education. (Benneth, Peck, Higgins 1996) It is quite possible that not every student can easily introduce his/her own standpoints because of numerous sociological and psychological factors.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Dental schools, nurses’ training schools, and even trade schools are broadening the social vision and deepening the sense of public responsibility of their students.† (Thomson et al. 2006) This is why one of the most considerable teaching approaches at dental schools is the ability to analyze every student and make everything possible to evoke the desire to participate in discussions and be ready to answer and argue. To start explaining the material, it is necessary to know what background knowledge every student has. In many universities, students can pass exams and get high grades without â€Å"truly understanding the material or how to apply it to problems different from those covered in class.† (Bok 2006) Such analysis of students is possible due to written assignments. It is quite possible to carry out some tests, where grades do not play a significant role. Those, who do not want to get high grades, t ry to use their imagination and find the most creative decision. Those, who rely on theory only, will hardly present a creative approach to the decision of the problem. So, with the help of written assignments, which are nor limited with grades, students get a wonderful opportunity to demonstrate their potential, and teachers may find our strong and weak sides of those students and comprehend their logics. (Westwood 2008) Dentistry is rather a delicate medicine branch. In fact, any sphere that is connected to human health should be studied thoroughly in order not to harm or worsen people’s conditions. It is very important to pay attention to â€Å"the role of the patient in late twentieth-century medicine.† (Stanton 2002) This is why students should be able to combine theory with practice. It is another teaching approach that I find rather appropriate. Multi-disciplinary conferences mean a lot in education, however, without proper practice, the education does not have sense. Students should have abilities to check and develop their skills. â€Å"Dental education still focuses on teaching students how to relieve patients from pain, how to replace lost tooth structure, and how to stop further tooth destruction.† (Schmidseder 2000) Government and medicine should be closely related to provide students with such possibilities and do not forget about â€Å"improving standards and promoting the health and safety of the people.† (Harrison 2004) It is possible to train students with the help of illustrative examples and human like exhibits. In such cases, students do not be afraid to cooperate with patients and will be aware about possible humans’ reactions. One of the learning theories that deserve attention in the sphere of dentistry is theory of condition and timing. Church and Kirkpatrick say that these theories â€Å"are designed to account for differential strengths of responding in the presence of different stimulus configurat ions.† (Church Kirkpatrick 2001)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Improving Teaching Methods in a Dental School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of such theories helps teachers evaluate what may stimulate students and during what period of time. This analysis may not only improve dental education but also encourage teachers to use their analytical skills and become more sophisticated in the sphere of dentistry and even psychology. It is also possible to involve librarians into such approach and allow them evaluate students’ levels of activities in libraries and the sources, which are used most of all. (Connor 2005) Then students may be questioned concerning which sources are more reliable and which are more effective in one concrete issue. I want also to pay certain attention to up-to-date innovations and take into consideration the fact of frequent usage of media sources, such as I nternet. The Internet attract students, they prefer to spend more time online then communicate face-to-face. This is why education may be closely connected to the Internet sources. Computer technologies have advanced with unbelievable speed and, now, create a complex aspect of people’s capabilities. â€Å"Computers have made spectacular progress in a short period of time.† (Tanenbaum 2002) Students can easily past tests and check their obtained knowledge online. To my mind, this approach is good indeed to unite students’ passion to the Internet technologies and the sphere of work they choose. Dental schools, as any other schools in the world, play a very important role in human development. Students get opportunities to study new material, enlarge their knowledge, and practice new skills. Teacher should be ready to use proper approaches and learning theories to captivate students and explain all the material properly. Students have access to numerous sources, wh ich allow making dental education more interesting, captivating, and effective. (Brien Buttlar 2000) These methods have been already used, however, their implementation should touch upon every school in order to achieve the desirable success in the sphere of education and medicine. Reference List Bennett, C., Peck, LF., and Higgins, C 1996, Researching into Teaching Methods in Colleges and Universities. Routledge.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bok, DC 2006. Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at how much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More. Princeton University Press. Borich, GD 2006, Effective Teaching Methods: Research-Based Practice, Prentice Merrill/Prentice Hall. Brien, NP Buttlar, L 2000, Education: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources. Church, RM Kirkpatrick, K 2001. ‘Theories of Conditioning and Timing’ in Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories by Mowrer, RR and Klein, SB. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Connor, E 2005. A Guide to Developing End User Education Programs in Medical Libraries. Haworth Press. Gray, A. and Harrison, S 2004. Governing Medicine: Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill International. Khosla, SN 2006. Everyman’S Guide to Perfect Health. Peacock Books. Phinney, DJ and Halstead, JH 2003, Delmar’s Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach. Cengage Learning. Schmidseder, J 2000, Aesthetic Dentistry. Thieme. Stanton, J 2002. Innovation in H ealth and Medicine: Diffusion and Resistance in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. Tanenbaum, AS 2002. Computer Networks. Prentice Hall PTR. Thomson, K., Smith, WR., Snedden, D., Payne, EG., Kinneman, J A., Cook, LA., Gordon, CW., Cicourel, AV 2006, The Early Sociology of Education: Principles of Educational Sociology. Taylor Francis. Tyson, K., Yemm, R., and Scott, B 2007, Understanding Partial Denture Design. Oxford University Press. Westwood, P 2008. What Teachers Need to Know about Teaching Models. Aust Council for Ed Research. This research paper on Improving Teaching Methods in a Dental School was written and submitted by user Javier L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Ortiz Surname Meaning and Origin

Ortiz Surname Meaning and Origin The name Ortiz is a patronymic surname meaning son or Orton or Orta, with its origin in Spanish. Ortiz is the 94th most popular surname in the United States and the 16th most common Hispanic surname. Alternate Surname Spellings: Ortize, Ortez, Ortaz, Ortes, Ortis Famous People with the Surname ORTIZ: David Ortiz - Major League Baseball Player.Victor Ortiz - professional American boxer.Russ Ortiz - Major League Baseball Pitcher.Tito Ortiz - MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) Fighter. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Ortiz Genealogy.com allows you to search the popular genealogy forum for the Ortiz surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ortiz query. With FamilySearch.org you can find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Ortiz surname and its variations. RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Ortiz surname. Cousin Connect  allows you to read or post genealogy queries for the surname Ortiz, and sign up for free notification when new Ortiz queries are added. DistantCousin.com provides access to free databases and genealogy links for the last name Ortiz. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING - Essay Example The project leader would need to establish the standards within which the communication will occur. The stakeholders would also need to be aware of the course of the communication with the indication of how and when it will take place. The strategic information enables the project leader to set the scope for all the communications that are relevant to the project. The strategic information is also significant for scheduling various projects, within a period, thereby making the stakeholders to be aware of the progress. In proper management of the firm’s processes, the project leader would need a proper strategic information to help in ensuring consistency in the communication process. The presentation of the strategic information to the stakeholders helps them to maintain consistent communication with each other. The stakeholders would need to follow the strategic information to identify any information about the project management. The strategic information helps in harmonizing the stakeholders since all of them have similar information about the situation of the project. The project leader also has the ability to make the stakeholders aware about any change in the project. Consequently, the strategic information helps the project leader to avoid delays associated with the stakeholders being misinformed. Further, the strategic information also increases the productivity of the workers. The establishment of a strategic information ensures that every employee remains informed of every activity included in the project. For instance, a project leader of a company would need to keep the stakeholders aware of the need for their input in reducing the volume of the solid wastes by 50%. This calls for the need of strategic information, which is efficient in equipping the stakeholders with the necessary information. The strategic information helps in restricting the stakeholders to the scope of the project since keeps them

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Brainscapes Case Resolution Template Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brainscapes Resolution Template - Case Study Example he sodium concentration detected from MRI of the hippocampus suggest that the neurons in the hippocampus became diseased and were not functioning properly? What sort of a change in the Na+ concentration gradient would you expect when neurons are damaged or malfunctioning? In a normal brain tissue, the large intracellularcompartment maintains a low sodium concentration( ~10mmol/l) against a high sodium concentration in the extracellular compartment(~140mmol/l) After the death of neural cells,the intracellular space of a cell shrinks and the extracellular space increases. The larger concentration of sodium in the extracellular space yields a larger sodium signal intensity. 3 In addition to the information in the case presentation (including the web sites contained in the case itself, what other information did you find to determine whether the differences in Na+ concentrations in hippocampal cells could be related to changes in memory function? Where did you find this information? There is considerable evidence to suggest that the hippocampus and the related medio-temporal lobe structures of the human brain are crucial for the encoding and storage of information in long term memory 4) What does each of these additional items contribute to the solution of the case? For example, the item contains data from specific tests, trials, or experiments, or presents analyses that canbe used to understand the main issues in this case. The Thulborn study has provided evidence for the changes in sodium concentration upon death of neural cells. These have enabled the use of sodium magnetic resonance imaging to determine the sodium levels in hippocampus to test for the presence or extent of AD. There may be situations where the sodium content may increase in cells that are not dead or degenerated thus giving a false interpretation of the results. Increased sodium in the tissue could be caused by direct leakage of sodium because of amyloid beta channels in membranes

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Bretton Woods international monetary system Essay

Bretton Woods international monetary system - Essay Example This paper outlines the main features of the Bretton Woods international monetary system, that had effectively replaced the gold standard system. The conference at Bretton Woods was held in the year 1944. The delegates present during the conference were from 44 countries. The conference led to the creation of a new monetary system commonly referred to as the Bretton Woods system. The new system was supposed to be more effective in governing the financial and economic relations among the greatest economies in the world. Judging by the economic disasters that were experienced in the 1930s a new monetary system was considered to be a necessity. Due to the failure of the gold standard during the World War II there was a breakdown in international economic cooperation with each and every country devolving their economic policies. This is believed to have further fuelled the growth of the great depression. As a result of the Bretton Woods system each member country was expected to adopt a monetary policy that ensured that the exchange rates of their currency remain at a certain value. In such fixed rates, there was evidently an increase in the ease of undertaking international commercial transactions. In order to see to it that the Bretton Woods system was successful the delegates decided that they would establish two financial institutions. One of the two institutions was the International Monetary Fund . The other institution that was brought into existence was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Friday, November 15, 2019

International Business strategy for Arcelik Home Appliances

International Business strategy for Arcelik Home Appliances Arcelik Home Appliances is the leading manufacture of home appliances in Turkey with a market share of 50% in the domestic market as at 2003 (Chemawat, 2008). It supplies the market using two brands namely Arcelik and Beko. The company has adopted an international expansion strategy and has already been marketing its products to more than one hundred (100) countries mainly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and North Africa (Chemawat, 2008). Arcelik was originally founded to produce metallic office furniture in 1955 but diversified into production of household appliances shortly after. It has been hailed as the first company to introduce appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators to the Turkish households. Arcelik would face further challenges when it became apparent that the Turkish government would be participating in the European Communitys tariff reduction which was meant to reduce to zero from 1992 to 1996 (Chemawat, 2008). The challenge would be competition from other manufactures from the European Community who would be able to sell their products at more competitive process in the domestic market. Arcelik overcame this challenge by investing heavily in research and development thereby substantially improving the quality of their products. The company is currently the leading holder of patents in the Turkish market. This strategy cemented its market leadership in the domestic market as consumers preferred to spend a little more to obtain goods whose durability could be assured. This preference was also enhanced by Turkeys fluctuating market where inflationary forces were highly unpredictable with the greater odds being to the consumers disadvantage. Arcelik would later grow to establish its market dominance in Turkey for decades but would later face challenges that would trigger its focus on international expansion to ensure its survival and growth. Arceliks motives for international expansion The focus on international expansion by Arcelik was triggered by the economic crisis that hit Turkey in 2001. This crisis had led to soaring levels of unemployment and a significant reduction of market demand by an estimated figure of 35% (Chemawat, 2008). This strategy mainly comprised increasing exports as well as engaging in international acquisitions. The economic crisis in Turkey must have proved to Arcelik the vulnerability of firms wholly dependent on domestic markets. Pressures from business cycles, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and political forces are prevalent in domestic markets. On the other hand, international markets tend to be better insulated from such pressures since they will rarely apply across several countries. Economic crisis in one market would normally not be prevalent in the rest of the markets hence multinationals can ensure stability by marketing their products across many countries. Arcelik had to get a way to survive the economic crisis in 20 01 and as well ensure that future company performance was stabilized by reducing its level of vulnerability to domestic market fluctuations. Arcelik also sought to focus on international expansion in order to increase its level of production and increase its economies of scale (Chemawat, 2008). This means that with additional production, the cost of producing each unit product becomes significantly lower hence allowing a company to make higher margins per unit or allowing them to charge lower per unit without incurring any losses. Economies of scale allow a company to remain competitive in the ever-evolving economies. To ensure that the economies of scale do not end up in accumulation of dead stock, or in the escalation of warehousing and storage costs, Arcelik would need to look to markets that would be able to support its intention of increasing the economies of scale through a larger demand. The national demand within Turkey would not be able to absorb these additional products h ence the rationale behind Turkey looking to expand international trade. The level of demand for home appliances in Europe alone is about 25% of world demand (Chemawat, 2008). Arcelic sought to tap into this huge demand to support its competitiveness and the large levels of production occasioned by their strategy of maximizing on the economies of scale. International expansion can also be explored where a company seeks to lower its production costs by having a significant proportion of their production done from regions where the cost is lower than in the domestic market. One of the major factors of production that normally influence the decision of overseas production is labour. When considering labour, it is imperative that a company weighs between the benefits of the savings from paying the lower labour cost, the differences in the productivity of the workers between the higher wage and lower wage areas, and the transport and storage cost implications. It is also worth noting that in many cases, where the labour costs are low, other factors of production such as land would also be relatively lower. The labour cost in Western Europe is estimated to be five times that in Turkey. Labor cost in Turkey is three times that in Eastern Europe (Chemawat, 2008). In China, it is four times lower than in Turkey. Labor productivity also varies and must be taken into account. For instance, in China, labour productivity is just half of that in Turkey. Additional transportation costs are determined by both the distance between the production facilities and the legal environments of the countries through which the products must cross to get to its intended markets. Access to international markets is crucial to any organization that seeks to expand itself. Domestic markets will often in many cases be found insufficient to support the growth targets that the companies set for themselves. They are also in many cases unable to enable an organization to recoup the investments the y may make in research and development in time. The complexity and the level of innovations in the global market is advanced and often leads to production of new and better fulfilling products. This significantly reduces the product life cycles and the companies engaging in research and development need to gain assurance that their investments can be recouped before the products lose demand. This assurance can only be found by marketing extensively in the international markets where the demand is much larger and can ably support the level of sales needed. Arcelik was motivated to focus on international markets since it had opted to distinguish itself as a research and development specialist who focused on the production of quality and durable products. These features would mean that it would need to charge relatively higher prices for the products. On the other side, the products from other European countries were finding their way into Turkey due to the zero tariff arrangement with the European countries. The entry of other products in Turkey meant that Arcelik would either have to lower their prices in order to maintain its domestic share market, or expand its operations to European and other markets in order to maintain or increase its level of sales to clients that focus more on quality, suitability and durability of the products they purchase. Arceliks options for expansion In order to realize its goal of expansion into the international markets, Arcelik has adopted a number of options to help them realize this goal. The international market entry options adopted by Arcelik include use of exports, international acquisitions, use of private label contracting, and product diversification. Organic domestic growth and use of exports Arcelik ensured growth domestically by ensuring reliable accessibility to the market using exclusive distributors and agencies who also served as centres for offering after sales services. This exclusive network also served as an entry barrier for any new market operators. Exporting entails maintaining the companys operations in the home market and selling the products in overseas markets (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It is hailed as the least costly mode of foreign market entry but at the same time the most vulnerable to various entry barriers as government regulations. The cost effectiveness of this entry method is enhanced by the fact that it requires no involvement with the foreign governments or the companies operating in the target market. It is often seen as the best mode of entry for an organization operating on a lower scale. With subsequent growth of exports, the company may open sales agencies in the foreign markets to be the link with the companys clients overseas. By 2003, Arcelik had grown to be the leading player in Estonia and Lithuania with a market share of 25% in these two markets. It also had a commanding presence in the rest of Eastern Europe. The presence of Arceliks sales agencies helped grow significantly in Western Euro pe with a markets share of 15% in the United Kingdom. Arcelik also conducted a successful export strategy gaining a 70% market share in Romania with its Beko brand. The net effect of these exporting strategies was a significant increase in Arcetiks production capacity from 440,000 to 750,000 in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Chemawat, 2008). International acquisitions This mode involves a company buying out another firm operating in the target market hence assuming full legal rights over it. This method is hailed as the best mode of expansion into other markets since it grants a company total control over the foreign subsidiary as well as full profits generated thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). The full control over the activities of a subsidiary is viewed as essential in ensuring they run in accordance with the philosophies of the parent company hence ensure the goals of the company are achieved as intended. The targets for acquisition would need to have the unquestionable ability to complement Arceliks growth strategies. Arcelik would also evaluate the foreign firms brands and take consideration on how these brands would help strengthen them as well as complement their capabilities. The target subsidiarys contribution to sustainable growth was also a key factor. Arceliks acquisitions in 2002 include Bloomberg, Electra, and Flavel and Leisure in Germany, Austria and the UK for the two latter brands (Chemawat, 2008). They also acquired Arctic in Romania. The acquisitions of brands in the target markets was likely informed by the fact that many consumers tend to prefer purchasing brands that they can identify with: the brands they consider national brands. These acquisitions tremendously increased the product range offered by Arcelik and lead to its significant growth within the European markets. Use of license contracting Licensing involves the company transferring certain rights to another firm to enable it manufacture products using its brand. In licensing, the consideration that the licensor gets is only the royalty or the license fee (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It does not take part in profit sharing or any other marketing processes of the licensee. Licensing offers the advantage of enabling a firm to avoid government regulations and other restrictive policies such as tariffs and quotas. It also enables market penetration without involving extensive capital expenditures. However, this method is highly restrictive in the level of control the company can have over the activities of the licensee. There is also the risk of the licensee gaining the technical expertise and becoming a competitor in the production of close substitutes after the expiry of the mutual arrangement. Arceliks production in 2004 comprised 40% from various licensing arrangements (Chemawat, 2008). This complimentary effo rt helped ensure Arceliks brand presence in the Europeans markets. Diversification into other businesses within Turkey In order to enhance further growth in the domestic market, Arcelik sought to capitalize on its elaborate distribution network to provide consumers with additional products. By 2004, Arcelik was offered various types cellular phones and was already getting into arrangement with various Japanese firms to act as distributors of various electronic products. The diversification proved to be a great success and further cemented Arceliks leadership in the Turkish market. Additional Options for Expansion Arceliks ambitious goal of achieving revenues of three billion Euros in the next year may be difficult to realize unless additional methods were employed to ensure its continued growth in the international markets. Domestically, Arcelik could opt to but out local competitors in a bid to solidify its hold on the local market. This solidification would help reduce the downward pressure on its product prices by reducing the significance of competition locally. In addition, the additional channels of distribution gained through any such acquisition would act as an entry barrier to any foreign firms hence ensuring steady domestic growth. Internationally, Arcelik could embrace a number of methods to ensure its continued growth. These methods include engaging in Joint ventures, franchising and use of strategic alliances. Joint Ventures Joint ventures involve the formation of a partnership arrangement with a different company where the parent companies provide the resources to operate it, share responsibility on management, and share profits realized thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This type of venture is especially popular where it comes to sharing the intelligence and technical knowhow required for research and development. With their determination to distinguish themselves as the masters of innovation and product development, this method can be used to ensure its rapid growth. Instead of engaging in competition with the already existing companies in the foreign market, Arcelik could identify a strategic partner who knows the market remarkably well. They could then research into the market needs in a bid to try and unveil any unsatisfied demands in the market. Having found the features lacking in the products found in the market, they could, through the joint venture develop new products that woul d suit this need and capture the unreached market. This method would be convenient to Arcelik since it would not involve many unnecessary government regulations that normally bar entry. In addition, such a venture, if well implemented would easily capture the market as it would be riding on the goodwill and distribution network of the strategic partner in the foreign market. Franchising Arcelik needs to consider franchising in order to minimize the risks involved with the licensing as it currently practices. Here, Arcelik would transfer some rights to the franchisee to produce the products under its brand but will reserve the right to provide some aspects of technical support (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This way, Arcelik will be able to be abreast with the activities of the franchisee. In addition, in Franchising, the royalty is based on the amount of sales hence Arcelik will be able to generate higher revenues in the event the franchisor is able to realize significantly higher sales. Franchising is easy to start since the franchisor incurs minimal capital cost hence Arcelik can expand into more foreign markets with relative ease. Moreover, the franchisee assumes all the risks and foots for all costs of labour and facility establishment. The company will also be able to avoid any political risks associated with foreigners operating in national markets. Arc elik can therefore easily expand its scale of production without worrying about high capital expenditure hence edging closer to achieving the revenue targets Strategic alliances A strategic alliance differs from joint ventures in that it does not necessarily involve formation of a legal entity. Strategic alliances are formed to enable companies use each others distribution networks, technologies, production capacities, management experience and others (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). One very essential factor in ensuring product penetration in the market is the distribution network. This has been evident in the manner in which Arcelik has been able to capture the domestic market by using effective distribution networks in Turkey. Arcelik should also try to replicate this experience in the foreign markets. However, by virtue of the fact that its a foreign market, they may not have the resources to establish an effective distribution network in those markets. It would therefore be relatively more convenient to identify foreign companies with a distribution network that serves their target customers effectively, and then enter into a strategic alliance wit h them. This may be companies offering similar products or those making completely different products. When the products are easily available to the consumers, they more likely to buy these products and this would lead to an increase in the amount of sales realized by Arcelik. The strategic alliance could also involve sharing of certain technologies between the companies in question. Arcelik could choose to leave the production of a certain product components to a company with a comparative advantage in its production in exchange for providing a component which it can produce more efficiently. This exchange could lead to lowering the production cost which would be useful in helping the company become more price-competitive in the market. Conclusion Arceliks growth is mainly dependent on how the company can enter and prosper in the international markets. This is because it is already commanding the domestic market in Turkey and may have limited growth opportunities locally. Growth and diversification are often related as is evident from Arceliks company history. Arcelik has grown in the past by steadily improving on the product range that it offers to the market and this diversification should be continued to ensure continued growth.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay

Dr. avul Pakir Jainulabdeen abdul kalam was born on 15th october , 1931 at Dhanushkodi in Rameshwaram district of Tamilnadu. He did his secondary education at schwartz high school in Ramanathapuram ,B. Sc. at St . Josephs college ,Tiruchi and DMIT in Aeronautical Enginerring at the MIT^,Madras (chennai) during 1954 – 57. After passing out as a graduate aeronautical engineer Kalam joined ( Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) Banglore as a trainee , and later joined as a Techincal assistant in the directorate of Technical Development and Production of the Ministry of defence. In1960’s kalam joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Research center at Thumba in Kerala . he played a major role in developing the first indigenous satellite – launched vehicle . in 1982,he rejoined DRDO as director and conceived the integrated Guided MIssile Development programme (IGMDP) for five indigenous missiles : Nag Prithvi ,Akash, Trishul ,AGNI. Dr. APJ. Abdul kalam has established an advance technology research center called ‘Research Center Imarat’ to undertake development in futuristic missile technology areas . t was perhaps the most satisfying achivenent for Kalam during the missile years. Dr. Kalam has also servd as Principal Scientific Advisdor to the government of india during 25th novenber 1999-10 November 2001. Later , hequit the job and took over the job as distinguished professor at Anna University . on july 25,2002 , Dr . A. P. J Abdul Kalam was sw2orn in as the 12th president of india by chif Justice of India Shri B. N.  Kirpal in central hall of parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the country Dr . Kalam took the oath in the name of God as a 21 -gun salute boomed in the background. Dr. Kalam a bachelor is connoisseur of classicalcarnatic music . he plays veena in his leisure. He write poetry in tamil , his mother -tongue . seventeen of him poems were translated into English and published in 1994 as a book entitled â€Å"My journey†. He reads the quran and the Bhagavad Gita with equal devotion . he is also New Millenium , wings of Fire ; An Autobiography and ignited Minds . Dr. kalam is by no means a miracle man . His advice to the youngster of the nation is to â€Å"dream’ dream and convert these into thoughts and later into actions†. people Also to â€Å"think big. we are a nation of a billiuon people and we must thik like a nation of a billion people . only then can we become big. â€Å"

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Effects of Online Games to the Students Essay

As time passes by, technology continues to evolve. Because of technology, new things were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest thing ever invented by man itself. In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Almost all the things around us were made by computers with the aid of modern machines. From the edited books, design, special effects in movies, and televisions etc., were all made by computers. Along with the evolution of technology, computers continue to upgrade as well until the time that computer has now become a part of man’s everyday life that are hooked to computers. Computers can now edit documents to your PC, play mini games, search information you need using the internet, save documents to your PC and play online games. It’s like an all-in-one gadget that can do all the things you want anytime you need it. From 1990 to the present year, online games had a big impact to us especially teenagers. Online games have many genres, including FPS games, MMORPG, Casual games and multiplayer games. A game will become an online game if it involves in using a computer or a series of computers with one player in each computer to battle it out with other players using the Internet depending on the game genre. Games have always been a popular pastime, but with the advent of computer games they have become even more pervasive. Despite all this progress, we may still stop and ask what makes a game. Because computer games are a subset of games, everything we can say about games in general applies also to them. Nevertheless, computer games are also computer programs, and, therefore, lessons learnt in software construction can be applied to them. A third perspective to computer games is subjective and it concerns finding out what features the players expect from a computer game. A dictionary defines ‘game’ as ‘a universal form of recreation generally including any activity engaged in for diversion or amusement and often establishing a situation that involves a contest or rivalry. A computer game is carried out with the help of a computer program. This definition leaves us some leeway, since it does not implicate that the whole game takes place in the computer. For example, a game of Chess can be played on the screen or on a real-world board, regardless whether the opponent is a computer program The world of online gaming is basically all about community. Gaming has gained such popularity that it could now be considered as practically mandatory. Being great and skilled at playing these video games gives individuals several social benefits. Gaming communities have proven to be powerful, profitable, and at the same time, very fragile. Based on studies and research conducted, gaming has become one of fastest growing in the entertainment sector. It has surpassed the achievements of full-length films, revenue-wise. Gaming is truly a social activity and the mere act of playing games has been directly linked in the establishment of relationships as well as social hierarchies throughout history. Games could be engrossing for many different reasons. Online games or video games are those that could be played over some kind of computer games to those games that incorporate complex computer graphics with virtual worlds that are populated by a lot of players simultaneously. A lot of the video games today have their own associated online communities and these make online games a true social activity that goes beyond the single player games. Online gaming has really made it mark, being an innovative feature of the Internet which would surely be staying and developing in the many, many years to come. In the past, only those who were willing to spend expensive fees and put up with a hard setup process made up online gaming communities. Today, though, a lot of people are getting into, even the younger generation, which raises some negative implications as well on its effect on students. Background of the Study Development of technology brought many things that people do not have many years back. One of those things was online gaming that was provided by the internet. Online Gaming is one of the widely used leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who were playing these online games said that they were playing online games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there were a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games enabled the mind of the players to be more active, especially those puzzled based-games. It helps the players to come up with decision tight situations, especially those adventure games that kept the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing online games made the players experience different feelings because it was as if the players really are the one taking the challenges. Despite those benefits, playing online games also brought negative effects, it requires much of the playerâ €™s time, leaving school activities and homework unattended. The Internet has pervaded our society rapidly. It has been major means of communication, used for the exchange of information, for news and for shopping, and now one of the most popular online contents is the game. Online gaming was mainly concentrating on gaming over the internet, where an amount of money is bet on the prospect of a player or group of players winning. Those types of games were usually referred to by the websites as games of skill, and include chess, backgammon and solitaires. Online gaming is a technology rather than a genre, a mechanism for connecting players together rather than a particular pattern of game play. Online games are played over some form of computer network, now typically on the Internet. Some of the advantages of playing online games are, the ability to connect to multiplayer games, although single-player online games are quite common as well, and the ability to build the confidence of the individual in the game that they have used to play. Some of the disadvantages also on playing online games were; the students may be too much hooked on this game and may have insufficient time to study their lessons that their teachers taught them. In the year 2008, most high school students have played a lot of online gaming, and it is very popular. Online games were inspired by video games. The first video and computer games, such as NIMROD (1951), OXO (1952), and Space war! (1961) were for one or two players sitting at a single computer which was being used only to play the game. Later in the 1960s, computers began to support time-sharing, which allowed multiple users to share use of a computer simultaneously. Systems of computer terminals were created allowing users to operate the computer from a different room than where the computer was housed. Soon after, Modem links further expanded this range so that users did not have to be in the same building as the computer; terminals could connect to their host computers via dial-up or leased telephone lines. With the increased remote access, â€Å"host based† games were created, in which users on remote systems connected to a central computer to play single-player, and soon after, multiplayer games. Online games can give us positive effects and benefits to us students, but on the contrary we notice that the students spend more time in playing online games rather than it in such a productive way. Online gaming is an emotionally draining and time-consuming activity. To create more time for the computer, gaming addicts neglect sleep, diet, exercise, hobbies, and socializing. They let their own health go as they do not get the proper rest and nutrition they need. They may suffer a number of health problems from back strain, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and repetitive stress injury. In this study, sophomore students of College of Business in Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) are the respondents. We chose them as our respondents because we see that most of them are addicted in online games. They are given an opportunity to answer and evaluate themselves whether they can handle playing online games and at the same time can do other important activities. It is for the reason that we are interested in taking a more serious look in the effects of online games particularly to the sophomore students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) who are the role models of freshmen students. Theoretical Framework Game theory is a study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is â€Å"the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers.† An alternative term suggested â€Å"as a more descriptive name for the discipline† is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person’s gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant(s). Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of class relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of science, to include both human and non-humans, like computers. Classic uses include a sense of balance in numerous games, where each person has found or developed a tactic that cannot successfully better his results, given the other approach. Early discussions of examples of two-person games occurred long before the rise of modern, mathematical game theory. The first known discussion of game theory occurred in a letter written by James Waldegrave in 1713. In this letter, Waldegrave provides a minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person version of the card game le her. James Madison made what we now recognize as a game-theoretic analysis of the ways states can be expected to behave under different systems of taxation. In his 1838 Recherches sur les principes mathà ©matiques de la thà ©orie des richesses (Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth), Antoine Augustin Cournot considered a duopoly and presents a solution that is a restricted version of the Nash equilibrium. The Danish mathematician Zeuthen proved that the mathematical model had a winning strategy by using Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. In his 1938 book Applications aux Jeux de Hasard and earlier notes, Émile Borel proved a minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum matrix games only when the pay-off matrix was symmetric. Borel conjectured that non-existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games would occur, a conjecture that was proved false. Game theory did not really exist as a unique field until John von Neumann published a paper in 1928. Von Neumann’s original proof used Brouwer’s fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of utility, which reincarnated Daniel Bernoulli’s old theory of utility (of the money) as an independent discipline. Von Neumann’s work in game theory culminated in this 1944 book. This foundational work contains the method for finding mutually consistent solutions for two-person zero-sum games. During the following time period, work on game theory was primarily focused on cooperative game theory, which analyse optimal strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can enforce agreements between them about proper strategies. In 1950, the first mathematical discussion of the prisoner’s dilemma appeared, and an experiment was undertaken by notable mathematicians Merrill M. Flood and Melvin Dresher, as part of the RAND corporation’s investigations into game theory. Rand pursued the studies because of possible applications to global nuclear strategy. Around this same time, John Nash developed a criterion for mutual consistency of players’ strategies, known as Nash equilibrium, applicable to a wider variety of games than the criterion proposed by von Neumann and Morgenstern. This equilibrium is sufficiently general to allow for the analysis of non-cooperative games in addition to cooperative ones. Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1950s, during which time the concepts of the core, the extensive form game, fictitious play, repeated games, and the Shapley value were developed. In addition, the first applications of Game theory to philosophy and political science occurred during this time. In 1965, Reinhard Selten introduced his solution concept of sub game perfect equilibria, which further refined the Nash equilibrium. In 1967, John Harsanyi developed the concepts of complete information and Bayesian games. Nash, Selten and Harsanyi became Economics Nobel Laureates in 1994 for their contributions to economic game theory. In the 1970s, game theory was extensively applied in biology, largely as a result of the work of John Maynard Smith and his evolutionarily stable strategy. In addition, the concepts of correlated equilibrium, trembling hand perfection, and common knowledge were introduced and analysed. In 2005, game theorists Thomas Schelling and Robert Aumann followed Nash, Selten and Harsanyi as Nobel Laureates. Schelling worked on dynamic models, early examples of evolutionary game theory. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing an equilibrium coarsening, correlated equilibrium, and developing an extensive formal analysis of the assumption of common knowledge and of its consequences. In 2007, Leonid Hurwicz, together with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics â€Å"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory.† Myerson’s contributions include the notion of proper equilibrium, and an important graduate text: Game Theory, Analysis of Conflict (Myerson 1997). Hurwicz introduced and formalized the concept of incentive compatibility. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann’s original proof used Brouwer’s fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. Eight game-theorists have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. Game theory, is a branch of applied mathematics that provides tools for analysing situations in which parties, called players, make decisions that are interdependent. This interdependence causes each player to consider the other player’s possible decisions, or strategies, in formulating his own strategy. A solution to a game describes the optimal decisions of the players, who may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests, and the outcomes that may result from these decisions. Although game theory can be and has been used to analyze parlour games, its applications are much broader. In fact, game theory was originally developed by the Hungarian-born American mathematician John von Neumann (http://www.gametheorysociety.org/)

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on Shooting An Elephant

Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell was an interesting peace to read. I thought that it was very descriptive and a good story. I thought that the moral of the story fits well into today’s society. It sounded like the only reason the man shot the elephant was to uphold is image for the natives. â€Å"To come all this way with rifle in hand †¦ having done nothing – no, that is impossible. The crowed would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the east, was one long struggle not to be laughed at.† I got from this was that he had to shoot the elephant because he came all this way with his rifle and there was no backing out now or he was loose respect and show that he is weak to the natives. I have seen this in today’s society with people doing things that they know is not right or not good for them just to fit in or have a certain group like them. I thought a very good example of this was smoking. Everyone knows that it is bad for them, but they still do it. Some people do it just to look cool or to fit in. People in gangs do things that are bad so people will be afraid or â€Å"not mess with them†. I thought that the last paragraph was ironic because of how he did not want to shoot the elephant when he did; the elephant had a long miserable death. I think it was hard for the guy to watch the elephant die like that. He did everything he could to try to kill the elephant as fast a possible but nothing worked.... Free Essays on Shooting An Elephant Free Essays on Shooting An Elephant Shooting an Elephant: Orwell’s Insecurities Prompted the Murder of a Defenseless Animal The short story â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, by George Orwell, is a narration that subtly discusses Orwell’s motives for killing an escaped elephant. As a sub-division officer for imperialist Britain in 1936, Orwell attempts to keep the favor of the native townspeople where he is stationed and to avoid humiliation. The townspeople of Burma neither favored nor respected Orwell until an event occurred that would allow a character opinion to be made. The event was a disruptance where he had to shoot an elephant for the alleged safety of the public. Orwell is not motivated to kill the elephant for the safety of the public, but by his fear of his own insecurities that plague him. Orwell is uniquely susceptible to peer pressure and pressed forward to action through humility. Upon initial assessment of the situation that would test the strength of Orwell’s character he concludes â€Å"at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now that his attack of "must" was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came back and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him†(4) proving when left to his free will and choice Orwell is a person of strong moral fiber. Orwell’s main insecurity is the fear of humiliation. The laughter and â€Å"jeering† of the Burmese people are a source of apprehension for Orwell. As a peace officer in an otherwise subordinate country, Orwell is subjected to laughter on many occasions. One of his first exposures to humiliation occurred at a football match when â€Å"the crowd yelled with hideous laughter†¦ In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men met me everywhere, the insults ... Free Essays on Shooting An Elephant Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell was an interesting peace to read. I thought that it was very descriptive and a good story. I thought that the moral of the story fits well into today’s society. It sounded like the only reason the man shot the elephant was to uphold is image for the natives. â€Å"To come all this way with rifle in hand †¦ having done nothing – no, that is impossible. The crowed would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the east, was one long struggle not to be laughed at.† I got from this was that he had to shoot the elephant because he came all this way with his rifle and there was no backing out now or he was loose respect and show that he is weak to the natives. I have seen this in today’s society with people doing things that they know is not right or not good for them just to fit in or have a certain group like them. I thought a very good example of this was smoking. Everyone knows that it is bad for them, but they still do it. Some people do it just to look cool or to fit in. People in gangs do things that are bad so people will be afraid or â€Å"not mess with them†. I thought that the last paragraph was ironic because of how he did not want to shoot the elephant when he did; the elephant had a long miserable death. I think it was hard for the guy to watch the elephant die like that. He did everything he could to try to kill the elephant as fast a possible but nothing worked....

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Technolgy System Paper Essay Example

Technolgy System Paper Essay Example Technolgy System Paper Essay Technolgy System Paper Essay Essay Topic: Shane Technology System Paper Name: Institutional affiliation: Technology Systems Paper Introduction Technological innovation refers to the â€Å"use of knowledge to apply tools, materials process, and techniques to come up with new solutions to problems† (Shane, 2009). The Toyota Company is one of the world’s largest companies that have benefited greatly from technological innovation. The company invests heavily in technology systems and knowledge management to develop innovations that it uses on its products. This makes it one of the leading motor corporations in the world. The company’s decision to concentrate on technological innovations has given it a competitive edge over other companies. The company has invested in designing technology that continually improves the quality of its cars. It uses technology to ensure that its cars have less impact on the environment. It also uses technology to design better cars, with specific interest in safety and usage. Many people today are concerned with environmental conservation and preservation, and Toyota is no exception. The company has designed eco-friendly cars, which will ensure that they do not emit substances that will harm the environment. The company applied technological innovation to design a fuel cell vehicle, which uses hydrogen to generate electricity. The vehicle has been designed in such a way that it uses less energy, and it is environmentally friendly. The company has also developed an electric car. The car does not have any engine, and it produces no emissions. Although the car looks small on the outside, it has a large interior, and it can accommodate four people. Such innovations are not new to the company. The company has concentrated on satisfying the customers’ needs through using technology since it was first established in 1937 (Joo, 2010). Timeline of Development and Implementation In 1966, the first generation 1100cc Corolla was launched with features such as backup lights, and Macpherson strut suspension. Although these features are common today, they were not common during that time. Toyota led the way and other car companies soon developed the technology and included it in their cars. In 1983, the company developed the electronic modulated suspension. In 1997, Toyota launched the Prius, which was the first mass produced hybrid car. The Prius was one of the most eco-friendly and energy efficient cars, and it led other technological innovations in the company. In 2001, the company developed an electronically controlled brake (Tidd, Bessart, 2005). In 2003 developed an intelligent parking assistant, front and side-view monitor system and pre-crash safety. The development of the intelligence assistant was a major milestone for the company, and it ensured safety. In 2004, the company developed an adaptive cruise control with low speed following mode and in 2009 introduced the FT-EV, a battery electric vehicle Effect of Technology Systems on the Organization The evolution of technology systems has benefited companies greatly. It has created jobs and opportunities, and it has largely enhanced and improved companies operations (Tidd Bessart, 2005). Technology systems have given many businesses a competitive edge. On the other hand, they have also made some operations in businesses more complex. Management needs to invest more on information technology to ensure the smooth and efficient running of business in their organization (Kolawa, 2009). The technological field is one of the most diverse fields, and it is ever evolving. Different innovations come up at a higher rate than in other industries. Most of the newer products are usually better, more efficient, and of a higher quality, as competitors try to outdo each other, and gain a wider market. The evolution of technology systems has benefited businesses by enabling them to cut costs and promote growth; Technology systems have improved information technology management by creating better services and products. One of the most significant technological systems in organizations today is the internet. The internet has enabled organizations to integrate technology, people, communication and information (Axson, 2010). Technological systems have increased the opportunities in information technology. The systems are applied in areas such as marketing and distribution, and this has made work easier in these areas (Tidd Bessart, 2005). The systems have also increased and enhanced investment opportunities. Technological systems in the information technology management have enhanced communication, in the sense that they have made it easier for people to communicate within the organization. They have reduced the time it takes for messages to pass from one person to the other. They have enabled the reduction and elimination of errors. The systems have enhanced communication by eliminating misunderstanding that results from miscommunication, thereby improving quality. The systems have made information available to everyone. They have reduced the costs of obtaining services and products. The systems have changed the way people do their work. They have increased multitasking, and have enabled people to take on different roles and responsibilities in organizations. Some of the tasks were usually allocated to one person who had specialized in the specific area, but this is no longer the case. Because people can access information easily, they can are able to get more knowledge, and this enables them to undertake many tasks. The evolution of systems in information management has led to the creation of simpler systems, which do not require high mastery before one can undertake them (Olsen, Pederson, Hendricks, 2009). This means that organizations are able to reduce their operational and production costs. Technological systems have reduced costs related to information technology management. Systems such as cloud computing are revolutionizing the information technology industry. They are eliminating the need of expensive computer hardware by applying virtualization. This means that companies spend less money on installation, and maintenance. Moreover, they do not have to worry about buying the latest information management systems in the market (Ostermann, Iosup, Yigitbasi, Prodan, Fahringer, Epema, 2010). The evolution of technological systems means that organizations should keep on training their workers on how they can use the systems fully to their advantage. Many systems in the information technology sector are underutilized (Jasperson, Carter, Zmud, 2005). Technology systems have changed the way knowledge workers perform their duties. Knowledge workers such as programmers, analysts and researchers are able to perform their work in a better way than before. The evolution in technology systems has enhanced technology in the sense that knowledge workers are able to make technology work for them. Knowledge workers deal with non-routine work and they have to apply creative thinking. Knowledge workers spend a lot of time searching for information, analyzing different topics and problems and networking. They also organize, retrieve and track information. They create, share and manage knowledge and information within the organization and between different organizations (Reinhardt, Schmidt, Sloep, Drachsler, 2011). Knowledge worker roles include controller, linker, organizer, helper, networker, retriever, learner, tracker, sharer and solver. Conclusion Technological systems have eased the work performed by people by reducing the effort and time devoted in many processes. The systems have enabled the knowledge workers to perform their tasks and roles with relative ease. They have provided the necessary mechanisms for workers to perform their work. For instance, the workers have access to search engines, where they can obtain different information. The technological systems have evolved and the workers can use them in a more efficient way. Workers can filter out the information that is not needed, and this reduces errors. Technological systems have enabled knowledge workers to communicate and share knowledge in a better way. As they share this information, they network with each other and they gain more knowledge. They are therefore able to come up with better creative ideas. This enhances the competition between them. Competition benefits the organization and the clients by ensuring that the organizations and the clients get better services. The evolution of systems has enabled global knowledge workers to connect without limitations of culture and has enhanced diversity and equality in organizations (Nicolopoulou, Ozkan, Tatli, Taylor, 2011)

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Civil society and religious figures in Saudi Arabia - literature review

Civil society and religious figures in Saudi Arabia - review2 - Literature review Example Finally, some see civil society as a loose public arena for deliberation and reason rather than ascription or inherited advocacies (Hermida, 2013; Karskens, 2008). Throughout the spectrum of definitions, the most salient characteristic of civil society is that it represents the interest and benefit of the general population. The definitions vary in terms of nature (bureaucratic and institutional versus grassroots), origin (government-established or spontaneously organised), and source of funding (government or private). The overlap with state bureaucracy and funding often raises the question as to the independence of civil service organisation. Arab monarchies generally see no problem with CSOs pursuing the civil goals of government, as government goals should be aligned with the people’s best interest (Bellin, 1994). Western countries on the other hand feel that CSOs must be a party separate from the government and free from intervention, in order to truly represent the welfa re of the public free from political interest. It is evident that the concept of civil society continues to remain ambiguous, and the particular meaning given to it shall be imbued with the context of the society in which the civil society organisation operates. 2. Soviet Union Democracy transformation in 1998 There are two notable aspects of civil society in the context of post-soviet Russia, according to Jagudina (2002). One is the â€Å"doubled† character of the Soviet public sphere, and the other is about solidarity through exchange of favours. The so-called double character refers to the co-existence of (1) a ‘rigidly regulated economic and social framework’ under Soviet leadership, and (2) the ‘dynamic disparate networks and local environments’ comprised of families, neighbours, colleagues, and close acquaintances. When the rigid political framework collapsed in the late 1980s, the public sphere evolved into a vacuum that was quickly turned int o a space where new informational technologies took over, fostering confrontation, ambiguity, and manipulation by clerics and activists (Jagudina, 2002). The other aspect is that of â€Å"solidarity through exchange of favours.† The aforementioned disparate networks of families and close associates operating beyond the range of the heavily regulated social framework, and provided reference points and communication channels for circulating information that were considered more reliable than official channels which towed the government line (Jagudina, 2002). This â€Å"traditional society† is comprised of â€Å"networks of solidarity based on primordial communities, kinship and patronage† (Roy, 2005, p. 1006). In the early 2000s, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, there eventually arose 250-300 organisations that perceived themselves to be the new burgeoning Russian civil society, springing from the underground networks that former operated under the radar o f the Soviet regulatory framework. Explicitly political, these organisations provided a critical voice in government by airing the grievances of the broad segment of the population. These organisations operate in an environment where mass media is unsupportive, state authorities are unresponsive, a general

Friday, November 1, 2019

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Paper Essay

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Paper - Essay Example Freidson (1986) found that when an individual knows every thing related to his professional field, only then he is able to achieve the desired goals and objectives from his professional field. There are many factors that contribute to success of an individual and professional knowledge holds the top most importance in that companies and organizations hire only those individuals who are well equipped with technical and organizational skills and capabilities accompanied with certified knowledge base. According to Althoff (2005), professional knowledge not only improves an individual’s professional performance but also helps the individual in making a significant progress in his career. It enables him to add to the company’s reputation. The individual becomes confident enough to tackle with all sorts of organizational conflicts and problems. He is able to communicate with the authorities and negotiate with them. This increases his chances of promotion. Professional knowled ge helps both; employees and the organization (Karagiannis & Reimer, 2002). It helps employees in a sense of career success. And any organization’s success also depends upon employees’ professional knowledge and abilities because they help the organization in establishing a set of core competencies that is essential for distinguishing one organization from the other. My Organization While talking about professional knowledge and abilities, let’s now discuss an association related to the field of information technology which really helped me in increasing my professional knowledge and abilities. The association which we are talking about is MSDN, Microsoft Development Network. MSDN is the organization which not only helped me in increasing my professional knowledge and abilities but also helped me in my career progress. MSDN is a set of those online and offline services, which is designed in such a way that it helps the developers in writing various applications using Microsoft products. Microsoft Development Network provides various training sessions to the information technology professionals. It acts as a part of Microsoft whose purpose is to manage the relationships between various developers and the Microsoft. While developing any application related to Microsoft, MSDN is the key player which plays a vital role in establishing and maintaining relationship between the developers of the applications and Microsoft. I obtained a huge amount of professional knowledge through interacting with many highly qualified programming professionals. I attended many training sessions to improve my professional knowledge and to learn how to survive in a particular organizational culture. It is because of this organization that I am now able to deal with all types of application developers effectively. My abilities have really grown significantly regarding my professional field. When I came to the organization, initially I felt a bit distressed because my knowledge regarding Microsoft and its related products was not very huge. I had little experience and I did not feel confident enough working in teams. I thought I would never be comfortable with supervisors. But as the days passed by, I became more and more efficient not only in computer applications but also in dealing with the developers. All credit goes to the professional know