Oracle Bone Essay

Religion in Shang Dynasty Religious practice has always been an intrinsic part of Chinese Culture. Even in the period of the Three Augusts and five-spot Kings, religious practices occurred. However, it is non until the Shang Dynasty when materially records of spiritual communication were founded. vaticinator bone were recorded of communication amidst homosexual and liquor. The ritual of crac male monarch visionary bones told what ancient Chinese concerned the most the descent between liven up and nature. The intricate Oracle Bones not unaccompanied detect the religious aspect of the Shang Dynasty, but also relate the ethnic and olitical administration in ancient China.During the Shang Dynasty, Kings were granted the power to communicate with spirit up. mostly importantly, pot likker informed kings about the unknowns. When Shang kings sport questions regarding the future and their relationship with spirits, they assigned priests and shamans to m new(prenominal) me dium between human and spirits. When shamans were asked to foretell for the king, they drill hollows in shells and yield red- hot poker to these shells. They believed this ritual would attract spirits who were nearby to resolving power kings questions asked by shamans.Shamans main task was to nterpret spirits respond through the varied cracks on shells. These kinds of predictions were said to be legitimate the kings were the ultimate representative of the spirit. Most of the time, kings requested to perform prophet bones divination to learn from spirits regarding the success of harvest, outcomes of battles, and schedule of hands to spirits. For example, the King asked Will Di order rain sufficient for harvest? (Eno 46). During earlier years of Shang Dynasty, the outcomes of harvests were more important to the people. Nevertheless, by the eradicate of theShang Dynasty, a large portion of divinations were performed to know the schedule and proper scarifications to spirits and a ncestors. There were scarifications everyday for different ancestors and spirits according the results of divinations accumulated overtime. aft(prenominal) oracle bone divinations were performed, kings would perform chip in to the assigned spirit at a specify time with appropriate goods. When an oracle divination indicated a negative answer from spirits, for instance defeat in battles, kings would then feed to spirits hoping for spirits help to change the result.Shamans would slaughter animals and/or world according to spirits preference. The result of appeasing spirits could lead spirits to provide extra helps for the people. On the other hand, if the king sacrifice the better quality and quantity of goods to a specify spirit but the king did not get his preference kings could temporarily stop sacrificing to this spirit until the deed of previous scarifications were shown. Therefore, human scarification and spirits effectiveness created an economy between human and heaven. Th is economy applied more on the loyal level than the family level.During Shang Dynasty, family could only sacrifice to their own linage of ancestry. It was a crime to sacrifice to other linage of ancestries because only the king had this power. Family often sacrificed to hope ancestors would bless the family to have male children which mess extend the family-tree. Thus, only the magnificent family had the Shang king can communicate and sacrifice to all linage of ancestries, which include Shen (natural deities), royal ancestors, and cultural heros. People in Shang Dynasty worship the greatest spirit Di (Tian). Yet Di do not receive any sacrifice ompare to other spirits.Tian, which is said to be equivalent to Di, was so powerful that other spirits could never have-to doe with their power with D. Di was a solid factor of Shang peoples religious believe that was indicated in the oracle bones but Tian was not indicted in any evidences at all. On the other hand, Shang people viewed Sh en as the power of nature, including power of earth, river, mountains, rain, thunder, and the power of directions, etc. in the early tier of Shang Dynasty, oracle bones divinations were directly performed to communicate with Shen to foretell harvest esults.Shen, unconnected Di, did take sacrifice in order approve kings requests. For example, king asked, Shall we wawl upon Que to sacrifice a hound by fire to Cloud? (Eno 48). Thus, Shen was the scrap highly respected power after D. Shang kings also sacrifice to spirits of their royal ancestors, including parents, grandparents, forebears of ruling king, relatives. These spirits were located inside the royal familys palace, and their tablets were put together with other ancestors of the same family. Kings worshiped his linage of ancestors to hope they would down fortune to the royal amily and the countries.When the current king died, he became part of his linage. Oracle bones divinations were use to communicate with royal ancestor spirits Should we cherish the kings eyes against Grandmother Ji? (Eno 49). Current kings Other families only sacrifice to their own linage as well. This ancestor worship ritual was accomplished during the Shang Dynasty and is still performing in modern Chinese culture. Finally, kings also sacrificed to ancient cultural heroes, yet they were the less prominent group of spirits. Thus, religion practices in Shang Dynasty were an essential part of Chinese ultural before and in todays society.The use of oracle bones to predict future allowed reader to date the first actual evidence of Chinese religion. The written records left by Shang Dynasty created a pull ahead picture of the cultural and politic aspects of ancient China as well. The relationship between human and spirits remains to be a significant part of Chinese peoples religious belief. I grew up practicing ancestor worship. Work Cited Eno, Robert. Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions. Religions Of China In Prac tice. Donald S. Lopez Jr. New Jersey Princeton University press. 41-51

Genetic Engineering Essay

Do you think that Genetic engineer is a positive step in our development? Many muckle think that patrimonial engineering is the next step in the ontogeny of graciousity and has some(prenominal) benefits. However, heritable engineering presents unprecedented ethical and friendly concerns, much(prenominal) as damaging nature, restricting human autonomy and risking to human health. First of all, patrimonial engineering hobo cause widespread place failure affecting the natural environment. Nowadays, many people think that constituenttically modified foods can provide benefits such as increased nutrients, spoil reduction, and a decrease of chemical contamination.However, there are a vicissitude of environmental risks associated with genetic engineering. By combining genetic material from irrelevant species, genetic engineering essentially bring ins new organisms. When genetically engineered crops are position there is a risk that some materials will contaminate delirio us plants. The consequences of this type of pollution are un cognize. The long term effects of genetic pollution could include harm to plants, insects and animals and a loss of biodiversity. For example, when a granger plants genetically engineered seeds, all the seeds have identical genetic structures.Thus if a virus grows which can attack this certain crop, there would be a widespread crop failure. The wind, insects, and plants can all carry genetically changed seeds onto closing curtain fields and land. Thus all crops, organic and non-organic, are threatened by contamination. Also, this contamination is different from other kinds of pollution because once the genes are out, they cannot be recalled. It can also contaminate water supplies and kill all the widows weeds in a field, thus lowering biodiversity.In short, the process of genetic engineering can thus introduce suicidal new toxins into foods that were previously naturally safe, altering the natural food chain. Secondly, genetic engineering limits childrens autonomy to bring to pass their own destinies. Genetic engineering is becoming so advanced that soon people will be able to give way their children exactly how they would like them to be. However, the genetic readjustment of humans can pulsate an ethical debate about the rights of the baby .The fetus should be unfreeze to not be genetically modified because once the genetic modification of the fetus akes place then the baby is changed forever, there is no come up that the genetic modification completed prior to birth could ever be reversed. In addition, if parents are able to re flip a childs genetic makeup, they are indirectly writing the genetic instructions that shape his entire life. For example, if my parents give me blue eyes instead of brown eyes, if they make me tall instead of medium height, if they choose a passive oer an aggressive personality, their choices will have a direct effect on me. According to some statistics 90% of Am ericans thought cloning human beings was a bad idea.Only 7% thought it was a good idea. level(p) when this method helping infertile couples have children, an overwhelming number of Americans all the same did not accept these circumstances as enough justification to condense human cloning. In brief, genetic engineering could be used to create artificial molds of people, pointing their destinies in directions that they would not freely choose themselves. Finally, genetic engineering poses serious risks to human health. Many people think that application of genetic engineering is useful for increasing positive traits in a human-being such as longevity and for the treatment of some diseases.However, genetic engineering can also increase the probability of new strains of bacteria or virus, k flatn as pathogens which can create new diseases. There is no interrogative that genetic engineering can increase immunity in crops only when such resistance in crops can get transferred to harm ful pathogens. sensitive drugs cant be developed to combat them because these viruses are stronger than those now present. According some researches the use of genetic engineering crops has, in many cases, increased dependence on pesticides and other chemicals.The health risks of pesticides are widely recognized, and actually these toxins have been linked to various cancers, as well as disorders of the neurological and immune systems. Genetic engineering would reduce the human gene pool therefore making us more susceptible to widespread diseases. In conclusion, the trend toward genetic engineering is a risky and dangerous movement that can cause concerns, such as damaging nature, limiting human autonomy and risking human health. We must leave the natural gentlemans gentleman to self-selection without creating the possible results of genetic engineering catastrophic.

Candide by Voltaire Essay

In the beginning of 17th century and the pinnacle of 18th century, there was a move manpowert kn confess as wisdom which encompassed a wide variety of opinions and advances in the field of philosophy, science and medicine. Voltaire embodies the wisdom much than any(prenominal) other intellectual or writer. erudition is similarly called the age of Voltaire. The followers of the movement had profound faith in the male monarch of reason and rational thought. They believed that this philosophy would lead hu creation beings to a go bad social structure. They attacked both the aristocracy and the church.In Candide, Pangloss and his student Candied celebrate that everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. This idea is a simplified version of the philosophies of the enlightened thinkers, most notable ar Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. These philosophers believed that graven image exist and since God is perfect, so the world he cr cancel outed must be perfect too. They argued that people recognize imperfections in the world and because they are not aware of Gods grand plan. Voltaire does not endure that a perfect God or any God exist. passim the novel, he mocks the idea that the world is perfectly good and heaps barbarous satires on this idea. The optimists Pangloss and Candide suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors- whipping, rapes, robberies, unjust execution, disease, earthquake, betrayal and crushing world-weariness. After Candide was thrown out of the castle of the mogul Thunder-ten-tronckh, he was handcuffed and carried to the Bulgarian regiment. He witnessed the atrocities committed by the Bulgarians on the Abarian territories afterwards winning the battle against King of Abres.They burn down villages, ravish boyish virgins and kill men and women alike. While travelling on ship to capital of Portugal along with Pangloss and the Anabaptist James they face a tempest. In Lisbon, they faced a violent earthquake, which de stroyed three-fourth of the metropolis of Lisbon. At the advice of the sages of the country, Dr Pangloss and Candied are secured for tan them alive for the infallible prevention of earthquake. In Surinam, Candide is robbed of his wealth. The lady he is in love, Miss Cunegund suffers too. She is ravished by two Bulgarians and receives two deep wounds in her belly.Her own castles are demolished and she witnesses the brutal murder of her parents and her brother. Though born a baroness, she is reduced to the station of a cook- maam. In the end she gravels the slave of Transylvanian prince and turns unlovely and even Candide finds her repulsive. Pangloss the philosopher is reduced to a slave of a Turkish headwaiter and Candide sets him free from slavery by ransom. These events only points to the cruelty and folly of adult male and indifference of the natural world and do not serve any good purpose.Pangloss struggles to find justification for the terrible things in the world plainly his arguments turn out to be absurd. In the end of the novel, Pangloss admits that he does not believe any more in his own previous upbeat conclusions. This example of events showed how Voltaire established his opposition towards the Christian Doctrine. He imposed sagacity through with(predicate) Pangloss characterization its struggles and sufferings despite of his faith and ideology towards Christianity. The most eye-popping flaw in Panglosss optimist is that it is based on abstract philosophical argument rather than real-world evidence.In the chaotic world shown in the novel, philosophical speculations repeatedly essay useless and sometimes destructive. Again and again, it prevents characters from making vivid assessment of the world round them. It also stops them from taking imperious action to change adverse situations. Pangloss is a character who is most defenseless to this sort of folly. He checks Candide from saving the Anabaptist James from drowning during Tempest by demonstrating to him that the roadstead of Lisbon had been do on purpose for the Anabaptish to be drowned in there.When Candide lies on the ground covered with stones after the violent earthquake in the city of Lisbon, Pangloss ignores him request for oil and wine and instead makes great effort to prove the causes of the earthquake. Throughout the novel, Candides confusion regarding the philosophies of Pangloss is very much evident. When Candide and Cacambo are held by the armed Oreilles and they cry out A Jesuitic a Jesuit we shall be revenged we shall have excellent cheer let us eat this Jesuit let us eat him up. Candied cannot contain the philosophy of Pangloss that everything is right. Voltaire elaborated his stand towards the issue of Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment. He explained through his novel the arguments of enlightenment through the characterization of Candide and counter-arguments through the characterization of Pangloss. Voltaire did not only encompass th e existence of his philosophy for his belief in Enlightenment exclusively also the existence of science, religion, and society.This lit crit of philosophy that encompasses Candide is much more surprising and dramatic given Voltaires own status of a respected philosopher of the Enlightenment movement. Voltaire satirizes organized religion in his novel Candide. A series of corrupt, hypocrite sacred leadership emerge throughout the story. The proofreader encounters the old women (who assist Candide and Miss Cunegund), daughter of a Pope. The pope, a man who as a catholic priest should be celibate, instead he is shown married in the story.A Catholic inquisitor hypocritically keeps a mistress. A Franciscan friar steals all the jewellery of Miss Cunegund. condescension the vow of poverty taken as a member of the Franciscan order, he operates as a jewel thief. Finally the author introduces a Jesuit colonel who has marked homosexual tendencies. In the story ghostlike leaders are sho wn to tyrannize humanity. The baroness Miss Cunegund is reduced to the status of a wench by My Lord Inquisitor. Candide meets the Pope, an orator who sermonizes on the subject of charity.The orator abuses and threatens him when he begs for food and his wife discharge a utensil full of irrigate on him, thinking that he has accused him husband of being antichrist. Voltaire criticizes the superstitions of religious practice through the incident where sages of Lisbon decide that few men should be burnt alive to prevent further earthquakes. In the novel, the religious leaders also carry out inhuman religious oppressions against those who discord with them on smallest theological matters. The Inquisitor persecutes Pangloss for expressing his ideas and Candide for simply listening to him.Pangloss is hanged and Lord Inquisitor preaches and cruelly whips Candide. Voltaire presents several examples of hypocrisy and immorality of religious leaders but he does not condemn the everyday believe r of religion. James is a member of a radical protestant sect called the Anabaptists. These scenarios proved the idea of Voltaire towards Christianity and Enlightenment. Even if he put these elements to show the rationality of his evidences and justifications, it still shows that Christianity does not fill the incompleteness of radical belief.It also implies that Voltaire attacked the weak points of Christianity and give port to the strong points of Enlightenment. Throughout the whole novel, Voltaire made a distinct specialization between Enlightenment and Christian Doctrine. However, it was seen that the arguments of Enlightenment brings positive evidences for its justification plot of land Christian doctrine is obtained as negative integration of knowledge and conception. This criticism can be seen through the struggle, sufferings, and situation of Pangloss.In the end of the novel, Pangloss made up his mind and went through the light of Enlightenment as he started not to believe from his old principles and convictions. This resolution also made its readers become attracted to the illumination of Enlightenment. As a whole, Voltaires novel Candide not only censure Christine regimes of power and the arrogance of nobility, but it also condemns certain aspects of the philosophical movement of the Enlightenment. It attacks the theory of optimism that argues that rational thought can restrain the evils committed by human beings.

Humanity Case Essay

Humanity. Perhaps this is the only word that can explain the unconnected sexual climaxs and goings of the man from Nazareth, call(a)ed saviour. The disconnected Tomb of the Nazarene, aired March 3, on the baring Channel, an amazing piece of documentary. In the city of Jerusalem, in the midst of an flat complex, was found a place of burial. Perhaps the burial place of, bloody shame Magdalene, her son Judah, and two brothers-in-law, Simon and James. Were these the relatives of Jesus the messiah, in the scheme of things the nous seems to be irrelevant.Humanity Although there is great emphasis placed on the Christ, the Messiah. precise few people seem interested at all in Jesus man being. People are offended at the thought that Jesus may have deigned to have been with a woman, much less hook up with to a whore. Yet this is the very story told in Hosea. gods un call into question love of even, maybe most especially, one who would be unfaithful. It seems to me of all of Jesus disciples, Mary is the one who got it. Only an outcast could truly visit the message of Christ. To be offered kindness, when only suffering has come at the give of man, is an indescribable miracle. How Mary must have loved this man, Jesus. The Divine, the Christ. Jesus human beingity is controversial. And I dont know why. If Jesus was non fully human, how could God come to know what it is to be human? To struggle? To be defeated? To know unbridled joy? To be shortsighted as man is and yet still have the ability to hope. How God must love us for that Yes, all have sinned and come short of the triumph of God. Who among us is not aware of their own shortcomings? Everyone I know. To be human is to be all to aware of what we are not. Was that the purpose of Jesus coming? To remind each of us of our all too familiar failures? umteen others are outraged that anyone should question the Divinity of Christ, as though questioning such a thing changes the very nature of God? Hardly. Wh at question could man possibly ask that could be found to be ugly to God? Yet, this question of Divinity versus Humanity, people seem to struggle over. Christ is all or none. Even those who would say Jesus was both human and God, cannot admit that Jesus could have succumbed in his humanity to be human. And what a terrible misrepresentation. All throughout the Bible God is represented as part of humankind. Why would humanity be denied what most Christians believe to be Gods only Son. There is of course, great misrepresentation and misinterpretation about the chronology of the canon. That Jesus divinity was not even declared until three hundred years after his death. By whom? Why man of course? I wonder if God would be pleased with all that the church, not the body, has accomplished? Just recently, I visited a new church and although I liked the people. I was saddened when the pastor started talking about the building fund. Is this what Christianity has been rock-bottom to? Buildi ngs? What of the starving? What of the homeless? What of the person who has not known the kindness of a human touch, due to illness or simple isolation? What of these? Does God not plague us to be in touch with his light, his life, his children? The Lost Tomb of Jesus is a wonderful representation of the possibility that Jesus was all he said he was. A miracle. A grace in disguise. Both human and Divine. Just like the rest of us. A bit of God rests in us all at the heart of Gods highest creation, mankind. Rejoice Awake God is among us sustainment when we thought he was dead Alleluia Jesus is Alive

Louise Essay

The yarn is authorise by a womans name, therefore it gives a adumbration that the study will be somewhat a woman or a girl named Louise. The first decry begins with the personal pronoun I, which means that the story is written in the first person. Thus, taking into consideration that the author is a man, even sooner the reading, it is possible to suppose that the story will be about a woman who has left a great purpose about herself. Usually it is a good impression even if it is about a one- direction love. Thats why from the truly beginning the story has surprised me much, because it begins with the sentences I could never understand why Louise bothered with me.She dislike me and I knew that behind my back she seldom lost the opportunity of verbalise a disagreeable thing about me. Such statement (she disliked me) is a challenge for a curious reader and makes him read up to the end and find the reasons. Having read the story Louise I can severalize that the main theme of it is the relationships between throng. The problem which the author raises is that some batch can play on their neighbours feelings very(prenominal) easily. They use any theory to do it. In case of the main character, Louise, it is her mystic flavor disease. She could win over everybody, including herself, in its existence and there have non been any attempts to argue, before the narrator has done it. He tells the story in an ironic way, scarcely at first it is a hidden chaff.He does not chin wagging on the events, he hardly presents them. For example, while Louises first economise Tom Maitland wants the narrator to believe in her bad condition and for that oxymoron shes dreadfully gossamer and metaphor her life hangs on a run are used, the narrator brings the proofs of an absolutely different state of things, using the antithesis in parallel constructions I had noticed that if a party was amusing she could move till five in the morning, but if it was dull she felt very poorly and Tom had to take her home early. In such way, without any remark, just using antithesis in piece to show how Louises haggle contradict her body processs, the author shows the irony of the situation Of course it will carry off me, she said It didnt kill her. Her friends asked her why she did not marry again. Oh, with herheart it was out of the question, she answered A year after Toms death, however, she allowed George Hobhouse to channel her to the altar. The uttered represented speech shows the way of Louises usual doings and produces the necessary effect on the reader. And even that fact that she always reiterate to her husbands that she wouldnt live long and the fact that she outlived both of them produces an ironic effect. I think, it is possible to say that all Louises life is one full-grown antithesis, because she has lived more than forty years softly making other people do what she wants but constantly repeating I hate the panorama of anyone sacrific ing themselves for me.All people who surrounded her describe her with such epithets a frail, delicate girl with large and melancholy eyes, dreadfully delicate, the or so gentle wife and no one has ever thought that it was just a mask. Only the narrator has mentioned the possibility of its existence Perhaps she knew that I alone saw her face behind the mask and she hoped that sooner or later I too should take the mask for the face. And only at the end of the story he reveals his true attitude to her. He expresses his irony about her behavior openly and says I think youve carried out a bluff for twenty-five years. I think youre the most self-centered and monstrous woman I have ever known. You put downed the lives of those cardinal unhappy men you married and now youre going to ruin the life of your fille. Again the antithesis is used. Firstly the narrator himself describes her as a frail, delicate girl with large and melancholy eyes and then from his own quarrel she appears to be a selfish and monstrous and even a blackguardly woman. Only now it is possible to answer why Louise bothered with the narrator. Only he has seen her real face. The plot structure of the story Louise is as following 1. There is no exposition. The development of the action begins from the first sentence I could never understand why Louise bothered with me. 2. The rising action is almost the whole story3. The climax is in the last duologue between the narrator and Louise. 4. The falling action is a wedding of Louises daughter 5. The denouement is Louises death.The elements of plot are ordered chronologically. The straining of narration is straight. There are two main characters Louise and the narrator himself, where Louise is an resister and the narrator is a protagonist. There arealso some plain characters such as Tom Maitland, the first husband of Louse George Hobhouse, her here and now husband, and her daughter Iris. Making a conclusion, I want to say that this is a true to life story, which can happen anywhere (the author does not even point to a place where the actions have been developing).To my mind, he firm to write this story because Louise really had impressed him much. It seems to me that in some cases he even admires the ability of this woman to make everything in a way she wants it to be done. It produces such effect that she dies at the day of her daughters wedding only because she wants to show that she is really ill and has had right that her daughters wedding will kill her. I think it is very topical nowadays, because a lot of people wear their masks in order not to show their real faces and intentions.

Plato and Socrates Paper

Writing Assignment 1 Philosophy consists of an adroit battle of differing opinions between the ideal realisticity and factual cerebration. Our own opinions be a way in which were explaining sensible or fantastical terms. This skilful battle rivals between Platos philosophy, which consists of a to a greater extent abstract thinking process versus more(prenominal) than scientific philosophers as Thales, who was a more operable thinker attempting to disentangle science and magic, and d ard to think about the service cosmos without archetypal thinking of God. Osborne, p 5) If you look deeper into this battle you see how it deals with the function of homosexual beings. Plato and Socrates byword many of these scientific thinkers and Sophists as being scatter-brained because of their wish of esthetic order. The Sophists were more interested in man himself and how he behaved. In this typeface the basic mechanics in man doing things for himself. While Socrates was left as the o pponent to this Sophist way of thinking, he was more concerned with morality, discovering the in effect(p), true, and good.Philosophy to Socrates was more accordingly just a profession of what man can do, preferably a way of emotional state in examining ones self. By point victimization his method of dialect and use of irony Socrates would expose false claims of information to move towards companionship of mans own nature, only convinced that it could be achieved through hard work. Like Socrates, Platos philosophy had the similar intake that man had more to think about then just himself, rather the aim to use reasoning in thinking for themselves. Plato discusses how ideas are real, and the particular is only apparent through his idea about the say supply.Plato is referring to when said something, as he said a horse, does non necessarily mean the fleshly animal of a horse, but more then that, more or less the idea of a horse through space and time. This theory of ideas o f Plato apparently caused many philosophers to be enumerate scatter-brained, in the sense that at that time many people could not look beyond the physical idea or reality of something or someone. Now though, philosophers like Plato or Socrates for instance, are looking beyond the physical reality and opening the doors to looking at a deeper meaning of life and man himself.We are starting to look at patterns of thought thus far beyond the physical studies, a frustration with our minds, because we are so pendent on physical studies in the physical humanness. Everything changes in time and the physical does not allow us to have a oecumenical, or consistency, even with the way we recollect experiences. Knowledge is remembering or anamnesis, the soul or mind has passed through a series of embodied and disembodied states, and the knowledge from these previous cycles needs merely to be awakened. Osborne, p 14) Plato insists that perception and experiences protect a realm of their own . Meaning, if you have an experience in the ideal world then you bring that experience back into the physical real world of objects, and that physical world of objects changes over time. Plato distinguished the difference between appearance and reality in his famous simile of the cave where a man was prisoner in a cave and saw reality as what he saw in the cave, the furthest being the shadows on the walls.Once he escapes though, he sees the real world beyond the world he saw within the shadows of the caves. Although after returning back to the cave, he sees that he is more stupid then before. That man after being exposed to the real world, beyond what he knew around him, was then overwhelmed by his surroundings, then lettered he had to revert back to his simple reality world of the cave. In order to fully understand knowledge and appearances, Plato improved the theory of hypothesis, display that if a fact didnt square with a hypothesis then a new hypothesis was needed. Osborne, p 15) There was always that eternal search for a more general hypothesis, ultimately striving for universal truth, which explains the good. In the Republic, Plato outlines what he believes as his ideal city-state taking three classes the elect(ip) guardians, the soldiers, and the masses, and three structures monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, and puts an emphasis on social mobility amongst these groups. The individual soul is change integrity into three, which this structure repeats itself in the state. Osborne, p 15) Plato takes his knowledge of the structure and classes within confederation and applies it to the individual. In order to show where in his mind people stood establish on their standing in society, regarding reason, courage, and appetites. Through Platos philosophy of base towards the abstract ideal world of thought, he attempted to solve the complete of being scatter-brained, or lack of aesthetic order. By opening up the door to looking deeper amongst the physic al reality of what we know to be and into a whole new dimension into an ideal world utside of space and time, Plato gives us the ability to enable ourselves to think in the light of reason. Solving the scatter-brained lack of aesthetic order, bringing each one of us to harmony. Bibliography Osborne, Richard, and Ralph Edney. Philosophy for Beginners. late York Writers and Readers Pub. , 1992. Print. 1 . Osborne, Richard, Philosophy for Beginners, page 5. 2 . Osborne, Richard, Philosophy for Beginners, page 14. 3 . Osborne, Richard, Philosophy for Beginners, page 15. 4 . Osborne, Richard, Philosophy for Beginners, page 15.

Use of Scientific Management in the 21st Century

Use of scientific steering in the twenty-first Century Roberta Larkins Jones International University April 14, 2010 Abstract The nineteenth and twentieth Century gives the foundation of the shift in perplexity modeling. Frederick Taylor, henry Gantt, and Lillian Gilbreth gave great insight into the need for a paradigm shift in business enterprise. The elements of this shift form the basis of the four principles of scientific counsel. The principles of scientific watchfulness and their custom in the 21st Century are the elements of this paper.Use of scientific focus in the 21st Century The counselling of an makeup that has a structural system which clearly defines the functions of the departments, groups, and individuals can be defined by the term Scientific Management originated by Frederick Taylor. (Nelson, 2003, p. 1) The Encyclopedia for Business (n. d. ) defines Scientific Management as methods aimed at determining the high hat way for a job to be done. (n. d. , pg 6) .While the initial use of Scientific Management in dealing with issues of efficiency and productiveness is rooted in the register of care theory during the 19th Century and early in the 20th Century, the equivalent organizational needs are evident in business today and the usage of the fundamentals of Scientific Management can be used to effectively increase both efficiency and productivity in a 21st Century organization. The Pioneers Frederick Taylor, kn sustain as the most in? ential business guru of the 20th century (154), began his journey into business in an apprenticeship to a patternmaker for a pump manufacturing company in Philadelphia. (Wren, 2004, 121) It is here Taylor has the opportunity to confabulate firsthand what the employees are experiencing and make note of the elements of discourse. Wren describes the conditions as actor restriction of output, poor instruction, and lack of harmony between labor and management (2004, p. 122). As Taylor continued to advance i n his career, he stood witness to instances of these same conditions in the employees at Midvale Steel Company.It is during this time in his career along with his desire to change those working conditions that he began the work in Scientific Management that allows him to make his mark in managerial history. Henry Gantt, excessively a mechanical engineer, worked with Taylor for many years and both were partners in the exploitation the plan of scientific management, although Taylor is more widely recognized for the model. Gants deflect provided fuel for a better understanding of compassionate nature in the workforce by improving employee representation plans , improving the practices of human-resources, and cooperation by labor-management,. Wren, 2004, p. 165) The human side of management is also the focus of works by Lillian Gilbreth, who is much called the first lady of management. (Pioneers of Management, n. d. , p7). Together they were the driving force in the use of Scienti fic Management and the creation of human resource principles in spite of appearance an organization. The basics Taylor viewed business as a system of human cooperation that go out be successful only if all concerned work toward a unwashed goal (Wren, 2004, p. 125). The four principles of Scientific Management address the initial concerns that Taylor witnessed.Hodgetts and Greenwood (1995) trade the four fundamentals as (1) Develop a science for for separately one element of the persons work, thus replacing the old rule of thumb, (2) Scientifically select, and then train, teach, and develop the worker, (3) Heartily cooperate with the personnel so as to insure that all of the work is done in consent with the principles of the science that it has been developed, and (4) Management should take over all the work for which it is best fitted than the workers, and allow the latter to handle the rest. (1995, p. 18-221) These fundamentals can also head into the resolution of the orig inal conditions by increasing worker productivity, effective management, and creating a harmonious relationship between management and worker. Increasing Worker productivity Embedded into principles one and two, are considerations for sound human-resource management today. Taylor anticipated the concept of matching the abilities of a worker to an assigned job. (Wren, 2004, p. 129) Instead of developing their own approach to a job through experience, the employee will learn to do it the right way. Hodgetts & Greenwood, 1995, p. 218) plus trained in newer techniques which will allow the employee to be more productive in their output. Taylors belief in productivity was grounded in the idea the real potential for increased output was not working harder but working smarter. (Wren, 2009, p. 128). Hodgetts and Greenwood (1995) describe the ability to increase productivity by training, teaching, and developing their personnel, this quality-driven organization was able to achieve substanti al increases in efficiency and cost savings. (1995, p. 220).Effective training assesses the training need within an organization, trains the employee with advanced or more efficient tools and techniques, then allows the employee to return to the organization and utilize their new skills thereby increasing the productivity of the employee. Effective Management The third principle in scientific management is presented by the recitation of effective management in an organization. According to Taylor, the principle object of management is to secure the maximum level or prosperity for both employer and each employee. (Wren, 2009, p. 48). Whether this is done by 21st Century talent management programs including bonuses and promotions, or 19th Century reward and recognition system, the inclusion of something that demonstrates to the employee that he or she is valued is essential. Harmonious Relationship The fourth principle of scientific management is to enforce the theory of workers and management coming together in roam to run a successful organization. Part of this effort is in allowing the workers to buy the farm part of the solutions needed achieve higher levels of efficiency and productivity.Darmody (2007) shares that management right away realizes that when workers are given the opportunity to suggest ideas, they will work harder in the implementation of and assurance in the success of them. (2007, p. 23). Taylors view of this is continuous improvement effort. Conclusion The four principles of scientific management were important in the 19th century and continue to be important in the 21st Century in business. An organization that has a goal to remain successful and competitive must incorporate all four components into the strategic plan.As the mindset of management shifts to deal with the internal and external forces of business in moving forward, a look back at the vision of Taylor, Gantt, and Gilbreth will assist the organization to succeed. References Darmody, P. (2007). Henry L. Gantt and Frederick Taylor The Pioneers of Scientific Management. AACE International Transactions, 15. 1-15. 3. Retrieved from Business mention Premier Database. Hodgetts, R. , & Greenwood, R. (1995). Frederick Taylor Alive and Well and Ready for the 21st Century.Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 218-222. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Nelson, D. , (2003, Jan) Scientific Management, mental lexicon of American History, Retrieved from http//www. highbeam. com/doc/1G2-3401803768. html Pioneers of Management. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia of Business (2nd ed. ). Retrieved from http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Pioneers-of-management. html Wren, D. , (2009) the evolution of management thought (6th Ed). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons

Article About Love Essay

Country, Location, & Flag The name of my country that I am researching is Poland. Poland is located in the heart of Europe, on the North European Plain. It is bordered by the Baltic sea to the North and Northwest. By Germany to the West, by Ukraine, Belarus. Russia and Lithuania to the east and northeast and by Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south. In general, Poland mountainous in the south with the terrain becoming increasingly flatter toward the north. The flag is just two colors. White on top and red on the bottom.Climate The climate in Poland is placed mainly by the countrys geographical location. Poland is in the restrained latitudes. The average annual temperature in Poland is about 8C/46F and varies for the regions of Poland depending on height above sea level and remoteness from the Baltic Sea. In the summer, for instance, temperatures are blueer in northern Poland because of the Baltic Sea. The lowest temperatures are in the mountains and the highest are in th e western and rally Poland. Poland sees an average annual rainfall of 600 millimeters. The highest precipitation is in the mountains and uplands and the lowest occurs in the central, lowland areas of Poland. On the average, precipitation in summer is twice that in the winter.In the summer months of June, July and August, showers alternate with dry, sunny weather and the temperature averages about 18C/64F the maximum summer temperature is 40C/104F. Early autumn is generally sunny and warm before a period of rainy, colder weather in November begins the transition into winter. Winter, which may last peerless to three months, is cold and cloudy and brings frequent snowstorms alone relatively low total precipitation. The average temperature in January is about -4C/25F but it nooky fall as low as -35C/-31F.pring arrives slowly in April, bringing mainly sunny days.Read to a greater extentEssay About LoveEconomic & Political System Poland has a free market economy. As for the politicia n system, Poland is a country with a republican political system in which power is concentrated in the citizens hands. Poland is a parliamentary democracy which means that all citizens can participate in ruling the state and befuddle a constitutionally guaranteed influence on its fate. They also enjoy equal rights.major(ip) Trading Partners Major trading partners would commence to be, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, & Czech Republic. eccentric Characteristic and rude(a) Recourses Well Poland has beautiful mountains, and one really unique thing I uniform is that the weddings last about three days. Natural resources of Poland are coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, salt, etc.Custom & Cultural Info When greet someone a good handshake, direct eye contact, a pull a face and the appropriate greeting for that time of day will suffice. Do not use first names until invited to. Moving from the use of formal to the liberal names is such an important step. When it comes to eating most meals are served family-style, and forever and a day try a subroutine of everything. Alcohol is also usually poured in a small glass.Quality Of life Compare To U.S I siret really see a big difference. In both countries people work, go to instruct, and do the usual.Currency & Language & Exchange localise v USD The currency is zloty and the exchange rate is 0.31 US dollar.National Foods & How To severalise Hello Most familiar dish in Poland would have to be pierogi which is my all time favorite Bigos, kielbasa, golabki are also very popular and yummy as well Anyways to say hello in toss collide with you simply say, czescEducational Opportunities ,Current unemployment Rate ,Life Expectancy & GDP Education is a little different then here in the US. You start off with mannequinergarten and it goes all the way up to 8th grade and you stay with your naval division all 8 years, so you never have new kids in your classes. Then from 8th grade you go to a different s chool to start high school which is 4 years and once you have your class in 9th you stay with them till 12th. Its a bit confusing but still pretty simple. As for unemployment rate, the currency is 14% Life expectancy is 76.25 years and the GDP is 514.5 billion USD.Major Sports & historied People/ Inventions They play different sports like basketball and volleyball but of course the major one is SOCCER My favorite( As for inventions the bulletproof commit was in fact created by a Polish inventor called Jan Szczepanik in 1901. The vest was made of multiple layers of silk that were specifically woven so that they could shutdown bullets. The invention turned out be quite successful and the fabric used in the vest passed the practical test when it prevented the assassination of the Spanish king Alfonso XIII. Family LifeThey usually just live like we would in the US. Once you are married you go off with your husband and if you have kids then you just stay in a home with them seemingly Not really anything different or unusualForeign deal out/ Exports & Imports Im not sure if Poland has more exports or imports because It kind of balances out. Most of Polands imports are capital goods needed for industrial retooling and manufacturing inputs like machinery. Poland exports fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Management Information System Essay

The ten study internal carriers in the United States reported revenue of 145. 3 trillion dollars in 2012, according to data gathered by logical argument hoses for America (2012). The accord commercialize capitalization of the twelve largest and publicly traded flight paths stood at 48 one thousand one thousand thousand dollars as of April 2012 just four billion greater than the value of Starbucks and counsel be gloomy opposite(a) companies like Facebook and eBay ( b arlines for America, 2012). Our research lead give a detail analysis of the deuce theories substantial by Harvard line of fruits schooldays Professor Michael porter. gatekeeper posited that in orderliness for short letteres to get by an in-depth analysis should be done not solitary(prenominal) of your direct competitors but also extraneous forces that undersurface help a course mathematical operation Porter designate this as the vanadium Forces of competitive Strategy. An different concept de veloped by Porter was the Value strand, the Value train breaks the agate line process into two groups, Porter argues that business should analyse the areas of the Value Chain to see where improvements stinker be made to enhance performance. Our report testament show how southwest flight paths uses Information system in Porters theories and concept to gain competitive improvementIntroduction to southwestward Airlines accord to information received from south-west. com (2013), Southwest Airline was incorporated in 1971 by co-founders Rollin King and Herb Kelleher as Air Southwest Comp each. The family is based in Dallas, Texas and has a staff contentedness of over 46,000 persons. The carrier was formed has a upset cost domestic carrier originally only flying in the tell apart of Texas forwards branching out to other US states. From inception Southwest policy business strategy was to offer low fare and conveniently time flights on short haul routes (Ross & Beath, 20 07).Today Southwest Airlines flies domestic in the United States to 79 cities. Southwest Airlines is the largest air duct in the man by passengers carried, in 2012 over 100 million persons was transported by the airline to different cities in the USA. The airline has being a pioneer in the industriousness and is credited for setting the foundation for the rise of other low cost carriers across the military personnel being like Ryan Air and Easyjet. In an labor where profit margins are movementually low and different carriers filing for unsuccessful person ever so often Southwest has managed to stay above the fray.In almost 40 years of returns the airline has consistently off-key a profit composition other airlines go struggled and has remained one of the worlds most profit fit airlines. The airlines consistent favorableness was due to its take ability of low cost on a set per mile basis due to its use of a individual aircraft model the Boeing 737 and its fuel hedging program that protect the company from ascension fuel prices (Ross & Beath, 2007). Southwest Airlines commands a market capitalization of over golf club billion dollars making it one of the most valuable airlines in the world.Southwest credited its success for building a philosophy of simplicity, the company offer of low cost fares kept attracting passengers while its gamy touch node service kept them coming back (Ross & Beath, 2007). As the airline grew and its business processes became more complex and with other airlines investing heavy in applied science in order to survive Southwests CEO at the time realised that a solid IT infrastructure would be subjective for the company to achieve its strategic goals and could lower the airline cost without flexile on customer service (Ross & Beath, 2007). Porters Five Force Model for Competitive StrategyPorters Five Force Model was developed by Michael Porter, Professor at the Harvard agate line School in 1979. According to Porte r (1979) the Five Forces is a holistic approach of looking foring and analysing any industry to understand the structural underlining drivers of profitability and competitor. Porter believes that industry act asers hear too much of a narrow look in assessing competition by believing that direct competitors in an industry are the only ones that are important. He uses the five forces model to show how business are engaged in a broader form of competition that can touch their profitability.These broader forces of competition accept customers and suppliers who can have legitimate bargaining top executives, freshly entrants that can emerge in the industry and affect your market share, utility(a) products or function that can be used and can have a direct effect on your profitability or result and direct industry argument and competition within the industry. According to Hills & Jones (2008) a businesss ability to earn great profits are dependent on the strength of Porters Fi ve Forces, the reverse is also on-key that a weak competitive force allows for a greater opportunity to make profits.For example, a company that controls a monopoly in a certain geographical area pull up stakes see greater opportunities for profit, because being a monopoly will eliminate the threat of new entrants, no internal contender and low bargaining power of consumers. The superior issue most businesses will have is to identify changes in the five forces and knowing how to formulate strategies from the opportunities and threats that may arise from the change (Hill & Jones, 2008). The image below illustrates Porters Five Force Model. Fig. 1 Source (Porter, 1979) Threats of Entry in the Airline manufacturingThe domestic airline industry in the United States has intense contestation between its competitors. Over ten airlines fight for market share with the rivalry completely driven on price. Southwest Airline faces some its greatest competition from fellow low cost airline s such as smelling air and JetBlue all three compete against each other on direct routes trying to offer the lowest prices and the best service to passengers with very low profit margins. Passenger figures stand at approximately 450 million passengers travel domestic annually in the United States (International Air sway Association, 2012).However, Southwest Airlines remained the dominant domestic carrier with a passenger adulterate of over 100 million 2012 (Southwest Airlines, 2012). The competitive nature of the domestic market in the United States has led to the merger of some of its carriers in order to consolidate costs. The most recent merger being that of American Airlines and US Airways and before that it was Continental and United Airlines who joined forces. Barriers to Entry in the Airline Industry Prior to 1978 the airline industry in America was heavily regulated by the United States regimen and was driven by high prices and empty airlines.Government regulation not o nly prevented competition among industry players but also created an entry barrier for new airlines, as government regulated routes presented a monopoly for established carriers (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). In the United States the state of Texas was the only state which never had government regulation in the industry. The deregulation in Texas gave Southwest Airlines an opportunity to inaugurate the market offering its service in the major cities of Texas only (Southwest Airlines, 2012).The deregulation effort that was led by democratic senator Ted Kennedy and signed into law by former President appreciate Carter saw a dismantling of fare and route controls in 1978 (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). This deregulation made it increasingly easy for new airlines to enter market and compete. With government control no longer a barrier airlines were able to enter the market once they were able to access the capital that was involve and meet the safety standards that were unavoidab le by the Federal Aviation agency (FAA).However, Michael Porter (2008) in an interview with Harvard Business School described the airline industry as one of the easiest enter with low barriers to entry he pointed out there is a constant stream of new airlines that enter the market regularly despite low profits. Bargaining Power of Suppliers and Customers in the Airline Industry According to Porter (2008) the limited number of suppliers in the airline industry gave a considerable amount of power to the ones that existed. Porter argues that airline suppliers made considerable more profits than airlines themselves.Aircraft manufacturing is dominated by only two major players, American company Boeing and French company Airbus. In 2011 both manufactures controlled over 90 per cent of new air craft orders with Airbus dominating at 64 percent (The Guardian, 2012). An airline extract in the industry is also tied considerably to the price of crude oil which is core to operation. Southwest Airlines use a method of hedging to compete on the price of oil which allows the airline to lock in to contracts at cheaper prices in anticipation of future rises in the world market prices (CNBC, 2012). other supplier cost that affects performance let ins security cost, airport gates and remainder fees and wages to staff. The greater the rivalry among industry players the more fickle customers will become. Customers in the airline industry have tremendous bargaining power and are very price sensitive. The fast pace nature of the industry can allow a customer to switch airlines at any time. Customers were the key beneficiaries from the deregulation of the industry, before the removal of price structure and other regulation, government policy ensured that airlines competed on service and not price (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011).This shifted dramatically with deregulation has new entrants to the markets like Southwest and JetBlue built their business model on low prices which has c aused older established companies to lower their own margins. Substitutes Products for Airlines There are a number of substitute services on hand(predicate) in the domestic airline industry in America. Substitute products include rail service, water, coaches, private car transportation or refusing to travel. These substitutes provide customers with other alternatives other than flying and are strong competitive forces to the industry.Airlines are then forced to show the economical convenience of air travel as oppose to using other means. For example a person travelling on business who places great value on time could acknowledge it more efficient to fly instead of using substitutes. Airfares offered by low cost airlines like Southwest are also competitive with other substitute products. The Value Chain Analysis Along with the Five Forces Michael Porter also developed the Generic Value Chain as a means of understanding competitiveness in the business industry.The Value Chain is m arked at helping us understand how goods and services move with an organization and how value is added to them. According to Porter the Value Chain represents a business process that comes along with a product (Porter, 1985). The main aim has articulated by Porter (1985) is to find sources for a companys competitive advantage by dividing the company into several activities in the business process which are all strategically relevant to the goods or services provided.The business process is divided into primary and secondary areas. primary election activities include areas directly related to getting the product to the consumer. Inbound logistics is the acquisition of the rude materials that are necessary to provide the product or service. Southwest inward logistics include areas such as route selection, flight and crew scheduling, fuelling, getting aircrafts and ticket anxiety systems. Operation generally refers to the physical actions that are required to produce the service o nce all the raw materials are acquired.Southwest Airlines operations include a variety of actions to provide its service. It covers the airlines customer tending services, gate operations, air craft operations and maintenance and baggage treatment. outward logistics involves moving goods into inventory and places where they can reach customers. Southwest Airlines outbound logistics includes website for engagement tickets, connecting passengers on flights, offering, baggage collection systems and other gate services. Other areas Primary agents of the value chain include marketing and sales and services.Marketing and sales involves the initiation of buying the product by utilizing advertising, promoting and monitoring sales (Porter, 1985). whence any advertising, promotional activity or deals and incentives offered by the airline will fall under marketing and sales activities. While service involves handling of customer relations once the product or service is in the hand of the consumer these include handling customer complaints, handling special request from customers such as disability requests or dealing with elements such as flight delays and cancellations.The secondary activities are important in creating a product or service but are not directly winding in its creation. Procurement is responsible for buying the raw materials for the company it can include computers furnisher and other fix assets which are essential to the value chain, the act of procurement according to Porter is normally carried out by management or the sales department (Porter, 1985).Technology support activity includes research and development that could lead to product development for the primary areas of the value chain, human resources role provides the company with essential staff to carry out functions while infrastructure involves the processes and procedures needed to execute the business process for example payroll and account (Porter, 1985). The purpose of this process is to analyse all the aspects of the Value Chain and square up if improvements can be made to increase the profitability and performance of the business.For example, Southwest Airlines could look at a value chain and determine if they could reduce the speed at which it check in passengers to flights to reduce regress time or increasing the speed of operating procedures such as maintenance and refuelling. Value Chain is a structured way to look at improving the business process and information systems can play a key role in this effort.

Coloplast Organizational Structure Essay

Coloplast went from a take merged governing body to a functional bodily structured judicature. In the merchandise structure the cerebrate was on the products wish were split up into 3 product divisions. In the functional structure the comp whatsoever focus on specialization of tasks. Before the production governing The production organization structure as well as c individually(prenominal)ed Division Structure is divided into 3 production division skin, wound care and continence care, and ostomy care. Each division beyond having its department for research, development, sales and marketing, contains all the necessary resources and functions.By applying the production organization, a comp both gains the followings benefits A structure where its easy to define the objectives and word of honor work assignments can simply be coordinated, within apiece division. other Benefit Coloplast can gain on this structure is the flexibility among workers. Workers from 1 department ca n be put on assignments in other department within the same division, if needed. Thiss made possible by the fact that most of the workers are non specialist in any specific field. Should any problem occur in the division structure the causes are readily detected and solved.This type of structure allows local leading to make small locale adjustments to meet the altercates in thither division. and this trunk holds its own weaknesses. It can harm communication flow in the midst of different divisions. This may take in loosing the overall focus on the objective of the organization. It may happen that each local division cook its own culture witch may not necessarily be compatible with the companys culture as a livelong. The expressage communication between divisions makes it hard for them to exchange experience and expertize.This system by nature is heavy and costly. In order for the company to stick out all the necessary resources and functions within each division, they can t afford the dress hat expertize on every field. After the functional organization The new organisational structure focuses more on functions. Unlike the previews structure that focused on the product. This new structure pulls functions out of the different divisions and put them in change units, each specialized in respectively globosee Maketing, R and D and Global Operations.As a consequence, the former divisions are reduced to production units and subsidiaries that receives operating instructions from the top. To as trusted communication between top and bottom, Coloplast place Commercial probity to a higher place the whole new structure. With the three functional divisions, Coloplast makes legitimate that there a clear purpose that goes all the way through the whole company, when it comes to their global marketing, innovation and how new products should be developed. As a result Coloplast becomes a unified company with no duplications of tasks.The greatest advantages of thi s functional alter structure is its lightness and affectivity. It gives the opportunity to hire highly specialized staff. As Coloplast CEO puts it The subsidiaries have a huge, further simple, responsibility they ? ll have to wander like the dickens meaning that Coloplast now can headhunt exact talents for each function. The workforce those talents brings is not lone some(prenominal)(prenominal) promoting a single product but the company as a whole. Employees have the opportunity to learn from their superiors.They overly have the opportunity to work alongside colleagues who relate to their professional interests and abilities, and then making for a more productive and enjoyable environment. By move the production responsibility from all division to the Global Operation in cheap-labor countries, its possible for Coloplast to reach the point of an Economical of scale. Like any other organization structure, the functional organization has weaknesses. Because of the decision-maki ng within the functional whole works from top to bottom, its a constant challenge to make sure that the organizations objectives are integrated at the bottom.Another disadvantage is that units may have limited flexibility in problem solving, making changes or responding quickly to customer demands and needs, since the final decision-making authority rest with the top level of focal point. So how does Coloplast solve these challenges? Commercial righteousness/Business Excellence For solving the challenge of implementation of the organizations objectives and assurance of a two-way communication, Coloplast places Commercial Excellence above the entire new structure, which acts like the strong arm, thatll prepare budgets and make sure that objective are achieved.Commercial Excellence or Business Excellence is the systematic use of quality management principles and tools in business management with the goal of identifying improvement opportunities, area of strength and ideas for futur e organisational development. Its a support function thatll help ensure best recital so that the organization can avoid those complications. Conclusion This new organizational structure is a natural step for the entire group, not only does it outsource to cheaper-labor countries but it has also given Coloplast improved profitability and an essential growth of 7%.The sustained competitiveness Coloplast has gained is due to the change of organization structure where they went from a production organization to a functional organization. With the geological fault came the opportunity of standardization of tasks, this leads to efficiency and expertise in the related fields. This was something they lacked in the production organization. By implementing the Business Excellence, Coloplast shows that its aware of the weaknesses of the new organization design and intent to avoid them.Lars Rasmussen, Coloplast CEO, emphasizes how important its that this supporting system doesnt end up like a police maneuver, charge subsidiaries in an iron grip. Instead it shall ensure best practice and site such high standards, that where that is difficulty, itll become natural to draw on supply. Its all well-nigh motivation, contributing to people and relying on each other. This serves as a great factor for self-actualization for the individual employee witch is not only contributing to the fulfillment of personal potential but also to the work-environment.The new organization has great potential they have cut production time by half, they went from 13 factories to 10, constantly stimulating innovation by supporting Coloplast Incubator. Coloplast current strategy placed a great contend of responsibility on the shoulders of their employees, as well as implementation of some standard guidelines and the right motivation. There are no doubt about the new structure is more complex than the previews one. Annex

Myths America Lives by

Pardeep Kullar Myths the States Lives By The the Statesn church doctrine is spoken finished fabrications that tell of the meaning and purpose of our country. These myths testify to the enjoy and patriotism that we have for America. Each epoch had its own myth that it lived by in creating the American evangel that justified the existence and action of our nation. establish on the cynical response, if a collective group of Americans detested to the stories that demand America together and concluded that they were false, our nation would be in risk of infection at that point.The problems that exist in America would take the forefront and hesitancy the existence of our country. The absolutist response, on the other hand, claims to the righteousness of America and supports the actions pursue by our nation in tumultuous times. Although the absolutist response tries to affirm the American creed, it undermines it at the same time. The Myth of the Chosen People graduation emerged a mongst the Puritans in the colonial period. It basic completelyy stated for people to love for each star other with a brotherly love and to take on one a nonhers burdens.In time, this myth changed from elect for the good of the neighbor to chosen by God for special privileges in the world. The Myth of records Nation emerged during the Revolutionary Era. It basically claimed that humans had unalienable rights. further in order to justify the oppression that existed in American refinement in the nineteenth century was affirmed by claiming that nature did not include Native Americans or Blacks. They Myth of the Christian Nation was created through the Second Great Awakening. It emphasized to keep behavior in military control with the teachings of Christ.But this myth quickly embedded the myth of the chosen people and the myth of natures nation into it, so that even Christs teachings gave special privileges and rights to only certain selected Americans. The Myth of the Millennial Nation emerged during the as well soon national period. Americans believed that America would lead the world into an age of freedom. This myth too has been absolutized. Americans believe that they are pushing the world towards freedom by forcing others to be free by actively engaging in war. The Myth of the righteous Nation came into being in the twentieth century.It is rooted in all the other myths, making it very powerful. This myth is grounded in disillusion and tells no fair play in its story. After the World Wars, Americans believe that because they had faced outstanding evil, they were righteous and innocent in all of their acts. Although Americas social function in Vietnam, made the claim to innocence very questionable, they myth prevailed and is stronger instanter than ever since the 9/11 attacks on America. So once again, Americas interference in the Middle East is perceived as one of innocence.The African American perspective is included to critique the myths America lives by as it shows the other side of the coin. Because African American get laid was very diametrical from the White American experience, it adds a component of truth to the myths that is nonexistent from the other perspective alone. Although African Americans express a different perspective, they also express a validity and hopefulness in the American Creed that they wish will one day be carried out to its truest measures.

Pyrex Case Study Essay

The electric current dilemma with World Kitchen is to act fashioning Pyrex themselves, or to contract the manufacturing let start and buying it that way. This paradoxs has arisen because of the aging Pyrex go under in Charleroi get hold ofs an upgrading and they do a bun in the oven distinct to look at it to perk if it is best(p) to outsource it or to professionalduce the found and continue to make it. Pyrex was first started in the early 1900s by Corning Glass Works. It was made by mistake when Bessie Littleton the wife of a Corning chemist ask her husband to chip in home s nearly strong shatterproof scrap for her to use in the kitchen. What her husband did was bring ii jars home, made of low- expansion supply. Bessie had cooked a sponge cake in one of the glasses and she found out that the cooking sequence was shorter, it did non stick to the glass, the flavor washed take away of it and did not stick to the glass, and she could see through it to see how the cake was baking. The Chemist and then took the cake to his acidify the following day and had his coworkers look at what she had made with the glass he took home. They then began a cardinal family process to perfect the glass and to start selling it. So in 1915 Pyrex started to hit department and china stores everywhither. World Kitchen was formed in 2000 and is the current owner of Pyrex. World Kitchen already outsources a bunch of their carrefours and this is so they sack cleave competitive with the competition.That is because with a manage of their current outputs they atomic number 18 made cheaper wholly overseas versus the cost it would be to make them in the assures. By 2006 World Kitchen only owned two vegetations in United Stated the Pyrex one in Charleroi and a Corelle Plant. The two adjusts use different forms of technology, the Charleroi graft uses tempering the thick translucent glass while the Corelle plant uses a processes by pressing three layers of fine strengthened opaque glass to regainher. In the Charleroi plant they suffer a furnace that has to run 24 hours a day and it is extremely costly to run. So if they were to keep the Charleroi Plant the first thing that they would shake off to diversity is the furnace and discovery a crack way to heat the glass. That way they would not ready to constantly run it and they could slow down and speed up turnout accordingly. Since World Kitchen soon outsources the manufacturing of a lot of their other(a) ingatherings they beat exist relationships with potential shapers that readiness be interested in making the Pyrex Line. The problem is that thither cogency not be a foreign plant that discharge meet the demand for the Pyrex bourn of products.Also with contracting the product and making it overseas, in order for World Kitchen to get the product hold in the United States they ordain be paying Tariffs and those Tariffs vary from democracy to country. World Kitchen is c urrently a privately owned company which is better because with the decision to either continuing to manufacture Pyrex or to outsource it provide be done directly by the head CEOs and they pass on not need to worry intimately what stockholders think. According to merc glide byise research done in 2006 it was an estimate that 79 sh ar of homes owned at least one Pyrex product. It to a fault showed that Pyrex held a 75 share share of the current market. World Kitchen s market share was preponderant among makers of glass makers, the Pyrex products was also compared to no glass products such as metal, plastic, and ceramic bake ware. So we are going to look at the pros and cons that are associated with continueing yield at the Charleroi plant or if it get out be better to outsource the moil of Pyrex.1. What are the pros and cons of continuing out sick signal at the Charleroi plant?When a supply chain is choosing a manufacturer or a product to carry, one of the things they us ually look at is where it is made. This is because depending on the location there are different pros and cons that can be associated with the product. For example Pyrex is made in Charleroi, Pennsylvania and I am going to talk closely the pros and the cons of Pyrex continuing the production here. unrivalled of the main grave things about continuing the production at the Charleroi plant is that you can manage the production and the note on a day to day basis or however you akin. If it was close towhere out of the country than you would not be able-bodied to visit the plant as often and assure the same standard of quality that was surmise of it. another(prenominal) good thing about continuing production here is that is has the stamp Made in the USA which is a good merchandising st charge per unitgy within itself. That is because people in the US wish and are allowing to buy a product more if it was made on its on soil. The logistics of transporting the goods will be cheaper and you will not have to jump through the hoops of importingit into the states. This will mean that you will always have the same delivery time for an order to whomever you are sending it to. If it is made overseas there are a legion(predicate) number of things that can delay an order that is out of the manufacturers and buyers hands.A lot of states offer companies tax credits for having a plant in the state and creating jobs for people within that state. Another thing about continuing production at the Charleroi plant is that Pyrex will not have to multifariousness anything it is currently doing with production, logistics, and personnel. When you change somewhatthing that you are currently manufacturing and the way it is made you are risking the misadventure of a drastic change to the product. There are also be related to changing the location and bringing in people to dish make that happen. Along with the good things about having the Charleroi plant in erect there are als o a number of cons that haunt this. One thing is that you might lose some of the market because the competition will be selling a product that is cheaper and this is because it is cheaper to make overseas. You might not be able to compete with the price and thus lose customers. Another downside would be having to deal with unionized workers in the US, if they do not like their pay or some type of labor condition they could go on strike which will than put production on a halt and money and product will be lost. Another downside about the Charleroi plant is the furnace and the costs to operate it each year.They stated one year they were to make 41 million pieces of Pyrex and the cost to make the pieces would be 39 million. So making that practically product you would only have a 2 million dollar profit, which isnt bad but the labor and the costs of paying the workers is the most expensive thing and can be cut down or even out if there are better and cheaper ways to make. Along with the expense you do not have the flexibleness to operate the furnace when you want and you do not have the flexibility to change the speed of production that much either. You cannot control how many products and how much time it takes to make as intimately and this is because the furnace controls that because you cannot speed it up or slow it down. The furnace is the bottle neck of the batch process and even to elevate it and make it a better process is going to cost Pyrex quite a bit of money and time. Probably the main con about continuing production here is the cost that is going to be associated with upgrading the facility. retributive rebuilding the furnace alone is going to cost an estimated 12 milliondollars. plot of ground you are rebuilding the furnace and upgrading the facilities you are going to have to look at a different location to help with the production of Pyrex anyways. This goes in hand with the current profit margin which was only 2 million dollars off of 39 million dollars charge of product. This is because of the high costs that was associated with making the Pyrex at the Charleroi plant. 2. What downside might there be with the offshore outsourcing production of the Pyrex product line to oversea suppliers.One of the major downsides of offshore outsourcing of the product lines to different countries is get the product back in the United States. This is called Tariffs and they can range from 22.5 share to 4 percent depending on the country and what the US import rate is for that country. So that is something that will overall make the product price approximately even out. You will have the cheaper labor and not-so strict manufacturing guidelines in some other countries but you will have to pay the tariff to get it back here. One of the major and first things that they need to look at though is to make sure that the over sea companies will be able to match the productivity with the demand of the product. If they are not able to manu facture bounteous of the product in a certain time than Pyrex will be losing money to the competition that might have the standardised type of product in stock. Another thing that the suppliers quoted were the lead clock that it could take them to get the product to the distribution center. These times ranged from 4 geezerhood to 36 days, depending on what country the product would come from.These can change from day to day according to the situation as well, because there might be a delay at the inspection to get the despatch into the United States or a storm holds off the shipment on the other side of the world. So orders will need to be put in almost 2 months ahead of time. This is possible as we have learned in previous chapter, to do but will not be as accurate versus 2 weeks ahead of time. So this can lead to either an over or understock of items. This is because the demand for the product can change on a weekly basis found off many factors. If the work and process is ou tsourced than you also run the contingency of another country or company getting the process and making a copycat product. This was actually done in China when they were meddlesome for glass manufacturersthere. This is because other countries might not follow or have the strict patent laws that the US follows. This is one reason why there are a lot of fake items made in other countries. In China, they uncovered companies claiming to be the producers of the product and even used the Pyrex logo on their website.Another thing that I mention in uncertainty number one is they will not have control over the manufacturing of the product as much as they do now. If they contract it out overseas, unless they hire someone to always be at the plant they will not know if the contractor is making the product like it was originally made and if the contractor takes short cuts than the product will lose its originality and quality possibly. That fashion the recipe to make the product can be ch anged and with something like glass, when you barely change the way it is made it will drastically effect the quality. If you have a strict contract that states the product will be made for a number years the exact same way, you cannot well(p) change it in the middle of a contract when you contract it overseas. That means if market research shows the product can be more utile or cost effective made a certain way, you have to wait until the contract ends with the current manufacturer before you can change anything about it. If it still made by the company in the states you can change the product however you want whenever you want. That includes if you want to start manufacturing a impertinent line of products with the Pyrex quality and name. It will be much long-lived because you will have to negotiate the process and prices with the contractor versus just getting the numbers and materials yourself and starting it when it is the most appropriate.3. If the recommendation is to off shore outsource, what issues have to be addressed with the Charleroi plant? If Pyrex decides to go to offshoring outsourcing the product than the Charleroi plant has to have some type of shutdown procedure. These procedures are important because it is a plan that will help lay off or redistribute the workers as well as the products and equipment. One of the biggest problems is to retain and layoff the workers once they find out the Charleroi plant is being shut down. Shutdowns are usually announcements that the company or giving medication will tell everyone so they can prepare what to do next. They need to retain a number of workers though while they look for and utensil their outsourced manufactures tostart making the products. A lot of workers will start flavour for new jobs and quit to start those new jobs, this can be good because the company will not have to lay off a bunch of workers. They might be able to transfer some workers to the recent York Plant though. They do nee d to give some workers an incentive to stay though until the shutdown is complete. Next all of the equipment used to make the product will either need to be sold or displace to the new operations facilities. They need to date out if the old equipment is worth keeping or if they want to upgrade it to make a better product.They do not want to sell the equipment to possible competitors though because then they will be able to copy their process of making the Pyrex. We also need to look at and make sure that the overseas plant will be able to completely fulfill the orders and if not than the Charleroi plant might not have to shut down completely. They might be able to keep it and operate it only at 10 percent to help with increased orders or high demand, that is only if the outsourced manufactures cannot produce enough of the product. After everything is out and the plant is shut down the company ask to look at if they want to keep the building or not. If the cutting York plant is s till running and the shipment of the products overseas need a place to stay before they are sent to stores, than the building might be able to be turned into a warehouse.Which than Pyrex needs to visualise how they can transfer the manufacturing plant into a warehouse because of the unpredictability of the transport of the products from overseas, Pyrex needs to be able to get products to customers fast. They also need to figure out how much it is going to actually cost to shut down the plant because at the same time the company is going to be spending a lot of money on getting the new manufactures up to speed on the product. So there are a number of issues that need to be addressed when shutting down the Charleroi and they are the rearranging of personnel, how long it will take to shut the plant down, what to do with all the assets inside the plant, and even what to do with the building after everything is gone and shutdown.

Company Case MKT 202 Essay

1. Microenvironmental factors involve actors, who remain close to the bon ton and they involve the companys ability to serve its customer. The company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer market, competitors, and publics solely of these ar part of microenvironment. Toyota Prius insane asylum and relaunch were moved(p) by several microenvironmental factors. These factors are discussed below a. Firstly, the Toyota Company itself was a major microenvironmental factor that affected its yield at the very beginning.The marketing department of Toyota didnt do comme il faut promotional activities for its raw vehicle. In a country like U. S. where as we all know all SUVs sell likes hotcakes, no one would actually be interested to corrupt a dull intercrossed political machine. likewise the department involved in designing the product was too purposeless to attract customers at prime(prenominal). When it was launched people considered Prius to be small, cramped compac t with a very dull design. Also due to its low horsepower, the pickup epoch was very long.The car took 14. 5 seconds just to go reach a speed of 60km/hr. No matter how somewhat(prenominal) environmental friendly and dynamism saving the car was due to low promotional efforts by the company and also the dull design, the introduction of Prius was highly affected.Also, so far if the car was magna cum laude enough of a purchase because of its environment friendly quality and evoke saving, enough people didnt hear close to it. nevertheless subsequently on, Toyota did make its new version and the marketing of the product was raised as the brand image developed. b. Secondly, as we all know, the presence of a competitor can really make it hard for a company to baffle its product well. During the time Prius was being launched it had to face, Honda as its competitor. Honda successful launched its insight even before Prius came to the market.Of course non to mention, vehicles like Hummer, interbreeding were already in that respect before Prius to keep customers attention towards them. But Toyota did tell its product from its competitor on providing benefits which other competitors werent able to suffer at a cheap cost. c. Third factor was the customer themselves, who were totally inclined towards the brands which they stand been victimization all their lives like General Motors, Ford and others. So the international markets for Toyota in U. S. were pretty weak at first. But then again, as new version was developed with new flair a design and as the cars horsepower was improve it did get customers attention.2. Macroenvironmental involves larger societal forces, which includes demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and pagan forces. in that location were several macroenvironmental factors, which played a role in affecting the introduction and relaunch of Toyota Prius. The factors are discussed below a. Firstly, demographic factors p layed a part in affecting Prius. Even though Baby Boomers and Gen X had people who were warmness aged and old and were potential customers for Prius.But the Gen Y included the new-made bunches who were more into sporty and stylish vehicle, attributes which Toyota Prius lacked. Toyota simply didnt speak Gen Yers language. But Toyota had been able to take aim with it since people from Gen Xers had environment sensible people who were a big market for Toyota. b. Secondly, cultural factors played a big role too. American culture has been prone in using 4-wheel drives and they simply didnt want a weird looking car to be a part of their lives. Also, people view of society, below cultural factor, played a part too.A patriot American would buy his countries product rather than buying products from other countries. Another factor under culture is peoples view of organization. Companies like General Motors, Ford, Audi had a stronger brand image then Toyota during that period of time. As the time went, new version came out, Toyota was able to fit in the culture and the U. S. government on introducing various incentives on hybrid vehicles also helped it. c. Thirdly, technological factor.Technology has perpetually been there making our lives a better and there has been so much competition in the market on providing superior technology that, some company have trouble to establish a image against those companies who have already established a strong position in the competition. Toyota was technologically inferior compared to its rivals like Audi, Ford, and GM. Also, Prius at its very initial stage was not the car which people took interest in driving because of its technical lacking. impoverished horsepower, high pick up time, dull design all of these affected its image. Toyota was able to deal with it on its new versions.3. Toyota market strategy was first used on people who were techies. It focused on early adopters, techies who were attracted to the modern new tec hnology. Techies were so into the Prius that they started modifying it technically and paying a great deal of attention to it. Toyota was able to differentiate its product in a focusing that no other company could with such a low cost. Thats why Prius became the best car ever used in US. later on absorbing large revenues from the techies, it used it second version to target a wider market segment. Toyota was able to serve the bigger segment which consisted of those people who were environmentally conscious and as well as those desirous of fuel efficiency.Toyota did an capacious amount of spending on media to let people know about its second version. In future Toyota can improve its strategy by introducing the hybrid feature into several models of car it has and thereby making a greater sales in return. But it shouldnt introduce the hybrid feature in all the cars, since if other competitors starts making the same considerate of car and has better brand image, then Toyota can no nightlong differentiate its product. But as demand for hybrids go up, Toyota should maintain a steady production and invest on making other new types for serving other segments and maintain a balance.

Podcasting Package Is A Viable Alternative Tool Discussion Education Essay

This chapter presents the surveies treatment. It provides an probability to explicate the signifi drive outce of the findings and topographical point the research within a broader scope.Major findingsAnalysis of the findings provides grounds that the podcasting bundle is a feasible alternate tool to expend when back down uping kids s literacy receivement in twelvemonth 2. and the part i.e. the activities designed to scaff h iodinst-to- nigh(a)ness the kids to the point of bring forthing a podcast, was the factor that evoked betterments in the kids s livery toil and comprehend and non the recording of the podcast itself ( the intersection ) .However it was of conditional relation that the kids saw the concluding podcast as the merchandise a mark that the activities would take them towards. Findingss from, and abbreviation of sayations confirmed that the merchandise ( the podcast ) was the incentive for the kids sort of than an indispens commensurate band of their acq uisition. It provided the kids with a intent. This concurs with DfES ( 2004 ) findings that to a greater extent positive motive resulted if design was focused around the produceing instead than used to back up ticking. The kids themselves determine that as a top acting group they had fewer chances to addition engine room than less able kids in their category. Therefore another shell of applied science could utilise motivated this group to make their end it gage non be generalised that it was the podcast that offered pull . Nonetheless, though kids s responses about proclivity composing would flavour to belie it, I personally feel spokesperson and audience would need to be characteristics of the engineering science chosen as a word processor type application entirely would non actuate in the same manner.Meaning and importance of the findingsThis research began devil old ages ago pursuit a successful command to the TDA for endure. The TDA regularly financess e-l earning undertakings for instructor preparation suppliers as they recognise the importance of ICT skilled practicians in the work channelise ( TDA 2005 online ) . Two old ages is a life-time in a digital beingness but particularly in relation to instruction engineerings. Though the engineering used in this survey was found to be motivational, it however played a headman(prenominal) portion in the single-valued function as without it the kids would stanch lost focal point. Therefore in reply to the research inquiry, fire a Podcasting procedure check Literacy in a Year 2 schoolroom? yes as portion of a procedure it can. Two old ages ago, Web 2.0 engineering was a twinkle in person s digital oculus . Now it is the pillar of umpteen digital applications ( Godwin Jones 2005 ) . Although MP3 participants were ab initio sole to orchard apple tree Macintosh, new coevals nomadic phones now combine MP3 and other communication engineerings in one orderly bundle. Huge advanc ement in a short infinite of clip. As Bull ( 2005, p.25 ) states, MP3 participants such as the apple iPod gain under ones skin become the mechanism for distribution of music for today s young person merely as the Cadmium and vinyl records change this function for old coevalss. Educational utilizations of podcasting physique on the foundation of this heathen phenomenon . This presents both challenge and chance.When podcasts be broadcast to the Internet, through Web 2.0 engineering, the result RSS ( Truly Simple Syndication ) feeds allow kids to lend to each other s work, wherever in the universe they may be. For case some mesh sites ask kids to add lines to poems, take portion in quizzes or sum up chapters to partially written on-line books. As Halsey ( 2007 ) asserts kids can convey the universe into the schoolroom and take their larning out into the universe with Web 2.0 engineering. Clearly so the potency for podcasting as an educational tool is phenomenal, but non mer ely in literacy lessons. Nevertheless the study revealed that current engineerings were characteristics in the sample group s places. Attitudes towards a engineering get a linem to alter with its age hence berth towards the currency of the motivational tool should overly be considered.So how baron kids s attitudes towards podcasting and computer address intersectionion and earreach as a consentaneous affect their public presentation in this type of exercising? It seems from quondam(prenominal) tendencies that podcasting itself will exact a shelf life as todays digital indigens become tomorrows digital immigrants and todays techno must rich persons become tomorrows digital dinosaurs . positive attitudes and motive for podcasting engineering, as it is now, will be lost. Newer technologies appear to be communication based as Web 2.0 capablenesss move toward an even greater interactivity. This of ground level will assist keep a positive attitude to talk and perceive, in a virtual environment, through a combination of networking sites and digital hardw ar such as webcams. The usage of Embodiments 1 is one case of such a combination. Communication and storytelling curb stood the trial of clip and I would expect this will go on but how we do it in the hereafter will alter every bit will the sizing and nature of the audience.In his proposal to radically pass the primary endure of study, Alexander et Al. ( Primary Cambridge Review, DCSF 2009 online ) recognises spoken linguistic communication as key to larning, civilization and life, but acknowledges it is much more outstanding in the strain of study of many other states ( p24 ) . Possibly this could be the footing for higher(prenominal) accomplishment in other states instead than the ulterior school bugger off downing age ofttimes identified. Reading and composing, as with other reappraisals ( DfES 2006a ) one time more predominate in this reappraisal with speech fruit and listening one time once more dawdling behind. The authorities ( DfES 2007, DCSF 2009a ) is proclaiming that speech production and hearing be the foundations for all other larning so wherefore? Why ar we whitewash turn toing reading and composing best? Writing is simply a method for entering ideas. Ideas can besides be spoken and/or recorded into a podcast. This would be improbably emancipating for those kids who find it hard to compose things down. Podcasting offers equal chances for all ages and abilities an inclusive digital tool.In the late 1980 s the National Oracy Project ( National programme Council 1992 ) recommended giving speech production and listening a higher compose and yet more than 20 old ages ensuantly we are still doing the same errors. I would wish to see this research will cast significance and add force per unit area to this on-going argument moreover unchanging fortunes, yesteryear and nowadays, would propose otherwise.Findingss in relation to other surveiesPren sky ( 2001, 2008, 2009 ) , Buckingham ( 2004, 2007 ) and fenland et Al. ( 2006 ) high spot ours is a digital universe and yet many schools still fail to recognize the significance or importance of skilling kids to pop out by with an progressively digital and altering landscape. Technology is going more sophisticated and is increasingly being aimed at and designed for younger consumers. Palmer ( 2007 p.3 ) suggests that, purification has evolved faster than our biological science and this is damaging kids s ability to believe, learn and act . Prensky ( 2009 ) would differ saying that exposure to engineering is altering kids s encephalon construction and demanding a new manner of larning which relies on wisdom. The modest size of the cohort used for this research would symbolize that the findings offer no important support of either Prensky s or Palmer s stance. However the podcasting bundle offered kids a blended acquisition environment comprised of group treatments and enginee ring usage. This would shrive them from harm to their thought, larning and behaviour that Palmer infers can go on. These three subjects are besides recognized benefits of group working ( Baines et al. 2008 ) .The relevancy of the findingsVygotsky ( 1976 ) wrote that speech production and thought are closely linked. The procedure of speech production helps kids to larn through jointing their ideas and on that pointfore developing the constructs needed to understand the universe. Communication and dread improve with pattern. Therefore, the chance to speak is critical in order to develop apprehension. If nil else, promoting and valuing talk conveys the message that communicating is of import both hearing and speech production are the foundations for communicating so raising their pen is a good terminal in itself. However though Vygotsky s theory sing communicating is still pertinent he could non lay down comprehended how his theory would still use to our of all time germinating di gital universe to current patterns and the diverse ways of pass oning that societal networking has brought approximately. If we have come this utmost since Vygotsky, how far will our kids travel and how will they get by with their journey if practicians do non promote them to develop their accomplishments.Participant observations were undertaken to back up the kids s interactions with the hardware and package needed for this research. Clearly there was a demand to scaffold them at this point though as in Lewis s instance the more knowing other did non necessitate to be me. The ZPD is the regulate in which acquisition is made easier through support by important others ( Whitehead 2004 ) . These others may or may non be physically present but possibly shack in a digital universe. In other words traditional theory still applies to digital experiences but sometimes the important other may be anon. i.e. through hunt engines or friends on social networking sites. Vygotsky s reading of the word societal would surely be limited in today s techno society.The survey s restrictions( Gautreau 2006 ) notes several grounds why there are barriers to utilizing engineering in schools. Unknowingness of engineering s possible, clip needed to larn ( larning to utilize new package or hardware and how to incorporate them into the course of study ) , deficiency of support or resources and a deficiency of engineering competency, appropriate preparation or assertion in one s ability to learn with engineerings are his chief concerns.Past instruction experience has indicated that the deficiency of a concluding product from a lesson is frequently deemed to be a failure on the portion of the instructor and of the kid. This belief is supported by the coverage and review procedures frequently SATs based ( QCDA 2010 online ) used to measure a schools position through analysis of the kids s consequences. This has lead to the premise that any larning achieved in such lessons shoul d be touchable. There should be something physical to demo. However as this research has shown speech production and hearing are the foundation of other acquisition and the inquiry has to be asked, Can we measure this accurately if we are still curious kids to compose responses down? Again personal experience has shown that understanding is non civilised entirely through authorship or the creative activity of something. These averments are farther supported by findings from this research, gathered during observations of the kids. Listening to kids s treatments revealed far more about their abilities and thought procedures than any piece of composing unexpectedly could. Therefore appraisals, peculiarly those that are SATs based, bespeaking that larning should be evidenced through production of something physical would belie what current and past experience has shown. Of class in a digital and virtual universe, physical grounds could be presented otherwise. measure became a imp ortant restriction of this research. Time with the kids was limited due to championship hence some aspects from the planning phase were non carried out. The most frustrating was leg was at the terminal as there was non adequate clip leave for the kids to be able to reflect on and measure their podcasting journey. Reflection is an of import portion of the acquisition procedure. By looking back at what they have done kids can derive a deeper apprehension of both the marrow and the acquisition procedure itself.The hereafterDonaldson ( 1986 ) was brave plenty to oppugn Piaget s experiments and his serial appraisals of kids s ages, phases and strategies. She alluded to the impression of kids necessitating a beaten(prenominal) context to be able to execute optimally and build significance from what they were making. But what is a familiar context for kids today? As grownups, are we back uping kids in a context which is comfortable for us instead than familiar to them? Even more si gnificantly are assessment bureaus besides outside their comfort zone? Should they be inquiring for grounds in different formats? Could Podcasting be one of these? Digital grounds of accomplishment is more suitable to a advanced universe. Sing the distribution and impact of engineerings in the business universe ( Phelps, whole wheat flour & A Kerr, 2004 ) force per unit area from authorities organic structures ( DCSF 2007a ) and the responsibleness of schools to educate kids for the hereafter ( DCSF 2008 ) , the deficiency of use of digital grounds to inform appraisals in schools is perplexing.Ellis ( 1997, 2004 ) refers to emotional auto-ethnography which may hold the unintended effect of overshadowing what auto-ethnography can be and of befoging the manner in which it may suit into societal enquiry. I would oppugn the usage of emotional here as it implies blackmail or in research footings bias. I continue to adopt Donaldson s ( 1986 ) familiar context , which would of class include a research worker s kind with the kids involved. For me relationship suggests knowing each other a comfy scene which leaves emotions outside research. Emotions would hold skewed the analysis of observation and interview informations whereas the relationship between the kids and myself strengthened it.There are more practical deductions for anyone reproducing this research, or implementing the podcasting bundle. Podium package is expensive and merely necessary if broadcast average to the World Wide Web. The sample kids were non concerned by the impression of a wider audience they merely wanted their households and immediate equals to hear their narrative. The narrative could hold been shared by Cadmium Rom, brassy thrust or the schools intranet entirely. This would hold been more cost effectual would hold saved some of the TDA support and therefore allowed excess clip to work with the kids.Evaluations of the kids s speech production and listening abilities foll owed observations, during the activities, and attendant written texts of the kids s treatments, were assessed against a recognized model. These findings intelligibly indicated that the podcasting bundle is feasible in footings of raising speech production and hearing degrees.Prensky ( 2005 ) reminded us that life for today s kids may be a batch of things but it s surely non unengaging except in school. Children s place experiences with engineering enable instructors to construct on what kids know and can make provided that those peculiar engineerings are besides available in schools. By making so, non merely are we alining pattern to Donaldson ( 1986 ) but besides reflecting black cat s ( 2007 ) starting from the kid rule. However in some reckon this is where, we as practicians, travel incorrect. Money is to a great extent invested into the in vogue(p) engineering to give kids the best opportunities or environments for larning. Synergistic whiteboards ( IWBs ) and visualizers are two such engineerings. The little study revealed that at place kids are utilizing reckon machines, nomadic phones, DS Lites and Wii s. Though clearly there are benefits to keeping IWBs and visualizers to project and portion images, it seems that the familiar engineerings, those used daily at place are non utilized within a school environment. Again a instance of teacher comfort opposed to children s world . If we are trusting on kids s personal lifes or digital histories as this starting point for resourcing and be aftering in scenes, puting in unfamiliar engineerings would look to belie what we should endeavor to make.What does the instructor have to make? Nothing more than utilize a accomplishment that hopefully they are already good at hearing. Teachers should listen to the podcasts with the kids, and assist the kids decide on the standards for appraisal. Children may hold more sophisticated cognition of new engineerings than their instructors, coercing a pedagogical slip in the teacher function from expert to facilitator. Therefore go oning professional development has to be an of import characteristic of instructor patterns in a invariably germinating digital environment.In decision integration and using engineerings into a course of study is a complicated issue. Making known the benefits associated with engineering usage whilst besides turn toing the barriers that exist seems cragged. Traditional signifiers of literacy instruction are frequently non adequate for kids today, they need to be adapted to both orison and motivate and be relevant to contemporary scholars ( Buckingham 2003 ) . Thus grownups should be fix kids for their digital hereafter instead than protecting them against it. Leu and Kinzer ( 2000 p117 ) say envisionments take topographic point when instructors, kids, and others imagine new possibilities for literacy and acquisition, transform bing engineerings to build this vision, and so portion their work with others. Envi sionment has resulted from the new attack taken with younger kids and the podcasting bundle the subsequent bringing of the bundle to ITE pupils who in bend will circulate it to instructors in schools.As a research worker I would happen it raise to test the bundle with even younger kids or in a scene whose digital position was low in order to see ( i ) how younger kids react ( two ) if the engineering became a hypothecate instead than a scaffold.