Incidence of Finger Defects: Gender Comparison

Incidence of experience Defects Gender ComparisonAbstractThe remove was done to see the incidence of the riffle imperfection and to develop a nomenclature system with the patron of questionnaire, clinical examination, and radiographs of the flick blurs obtained in two standard planes.The replys of this look at demonstrate that finger injuries were common males than distaffs and the desert was much common in the proficient hands and in middle fingers. Amputation was more(prenominal) than common at the level of distal phalanges.Keywords Finger injuries, machinery, car accident1. IntroductionFingers atomic number 18 amongst the about mobile and combat-ready parts of the form. Fingers are injured daily activities like working, consume, playing and other activities1. The congenital anomalies involving finger or the finger injury creates anxious ofproblems as surface as long term functional baulk and esthetic 1,2.It is important to understand the incidence and cause s of finger injuries. This will back up the clinician for the diagnosis and treatment planning.The add together of tissue re of import, condition of the bone and the issuance of fingers involved get to to be considered when choosing suit adequate to(p) treatment cream 3. Several microsurgical proficiencys such as toe-foot-transfer, lengthening procedure and the use of osteo-cutaneous flap may offer opportunities to manufacture the lost or missing phalanges 4. The use of bone-anchored implant retained silicone finger prosthesis represents an option technique.Bone anchoring method is use since 1994 for the rehabilitation of finger geological faults 5.The aim of this learn is to translate the incidence of the finger defect in Golden Jubilee Medical Center, Mahidol University from 2012 to 2014 by exploitation a nomenclature system genuine by Maxillofacial Prosthetic and Orthopedic Department with the help of history, clinical examination, and radiographs of the remaining s tump of the finger and dactyl.2. MethodsThis backward study of thepatient roles record of the finger defect amidst 2012 to 2014 at the Golden Jubilee Medical Center. This study involved total 10 patients and 16 treated fingers.The study protocol was approved by the committee in University Hospital. The demographic data collected were include the sex, causes of the defect, involved hand, finger and digital bone as shown in Table 1 and 2. The radiographs of the finger defects were obtained in two standard planes in each patient (Figure 1). The mode of treatments received was in extension recorded.The Mahidol University MUsystem consists of 1 alphabetic and 2 numeric symbols. Each hand is constitute of carpel, metacarpal and the digits with Phalanges. The alphabetic symbol indicates the right R or left L side. The 5 digits in each hand (Thumb, Index, Middle, Ring and Little finger) are denoted by the numbers as elaborated in Table 3. Each digit has 3 bones i.e. proximal, middle a nd distal phalanx except the leaf which is comprised of simply proximal and distal phalanx. The remaining of each phalanx bone in each digit is further indicated with the numerical symbols (Table 4). During the evaluation of the cases, the partial remaining of the phalanx bone were as headspring observed. These incomplete or partial remaining of phalanx bone is denoted by the alphabet I.3. ResultsThis study showed the incidence of finger defect was greater in male (60%) and the common acquired causes of the finger defect were machinery (44.44%), car accident (11.11%), gush (11.11%), assault (11.11%), others (22.22%) as shown in the Table 3.The finger defect was present more on right side (70%) and the involved fingers were as buck (16.66%), index finger (22.22%), middle finger (27.77%), ring finger (22.22%), little finger (11.11%) as shown in the Table 4. The involved digit were as distal phalange (35.29%), distal and middle (23.35%), distal, middle and proximal (29.41%), and , distal and proximal (11.17%). The diagnosis according to the MU system was described in the Table 4.4. DiscussionIn this study, the laster incidence of finger defect in male may be related to the occupation and the activities. Normally, right hand side is dominant during function and work therefore, the defect was observed more on right hand side of males. In egg-producing(prenominal) patients, the mishaps occurred during domestic activities for pillow slip cutting and chopping action therefore, left hand side was mostly affected.The type of the finger defect (involved finger, number and level of amputations) results in the compromise in the particular(prenominal) type of the function. The common functions of the fingers are as follows thumb is used for writing, grasping, propindex finger is used for pressing and grasping middle fingers isused for writing, grasping and holding compared to ring and little finger. Regarding the impact on function, the effect from the distal am putation are minimal than the proximal levels. This also affects the patients motivation towards restoration.The cause of the finger defect is also related with the resultant manakin of the defect. The finger defect that results from sharp object or burn are not much deform compared to the defects due to an accident and outside activities. The accident and outside activities often results is crushing of the finger bone and results in deformed remaining stump which is difficult to restore.Regarding the treatment of finger defect, mostly, the surgical rehabilitation doesnt result the best esthetic and causes the disability in the donor site 6, therefore, prosthetic rehabilitation is preferred. The vacuum or implant retained are two options for the prosthetic rehabilitation which is decided depending upon the level of amputation, extent of the defect and structures preserved on the injured finger or hand. Treatment of the finger defect depends on the remaining stump of the amputated finger which should be minimally 1.5 cm in length for the conventional friction suitable silicone prostheses 7.The shorter stumps may cause the problem of instability of the prostheses. Therefore, the role of implant becomes important which also help some level of tactile sensation. The lineament of the life after the finger prosthesis is increased.Regarding the surgical techniques, one-stage technique for the implant placement in implant retained finger prosthesis is safe, reliable and efficient in metacarpal and phalangeal bone if primary stability is optimal 8.Finite Element Analysis (FEA) have been used to study the cause of various shapes of dental implants on distri entirelyion of stresses generated in the surrounding bone and to observe an optimal thread shape for better stress distri besidesion. The non-uniform stress pattern at bone and powerfulness induce biomechanical overloading failures in implant and bone 9, 10.The limitation of the current study is the less numbe r of the patients. This study only included the patients who refused for the surgical rehabilitation and referred for the prosthetic rehabilitation after the surgical amputation.5. ConclusionFinger injuries were common males than egg-producing(prenominal)s and the defect was more common in the right hands and in middle fingers. Amputation was more common at the level of distal phalanges. Prosthetic replacement using finger prosthesis helped to meliorate the quality of the life of the patients.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. take Disorders in Elite Athletes Prevalence and RisksEating Disorders in Elite Athletes Prevalence and RisksBeing an selected level jock, an huge amount of pressure is placed on athletes to perform at their very best, often whiles going them yearning to achieve the top natural fitness that they can reach. This level of physical fitness and impoverishment has been not only exaggerated in sports, but also in modern media that is associated with the industry that is directlys sports. Over the long time, this has lead to alimentation disturbs in those not only at an elect(ip) level, but in all sports. Disordered have has substantial and devastating effects on the physical body, although it stems from a mental illness. Not only is the prevalence of eating bothers in high-level egg-producing(prenominal) athletes apparent, but also the associated risks with the culture of the unsoundness are detrimental to performance. It is important to note the susceptibility of athletes to acquire the eating throw out of kilter, in addition to taking a closer look at the variability of the victimisation in burthen dependent sports that focus on dispositionness versus non- weight dependent sports (Wells, 2015). In addition, once it has been understood how mazed eating arises, it is pick up to look into the pr noneffervescenttion of the potential inc rement of eating carks in the elite level of variation. The aim of this paper is to look at the prevalence of eating disorders in athletes compared to their non-athlete counterparts, the risk factor of developing the disorder in a lean vs. non-lean sport, as well as the physiological harm an eating disorder can cause and ways to continue the development of one. The compiled look at these ideas is important in serving to better the overall mental wellness of the athletes and recognize where these behaviors stem from, to hopefully lower the frequency in the upcoming years.Eating disorders in the athletic universe of discourse, more specifically the effeminate athletic population, are obtaining change magnitude attention. (Brownell, et al., 1992) However, the exact causes of eating disorders are not known, and look to be a combination of psychological, biological and friendly factors. In studies, there have been claims that effeminate athletes look to be more vulnerable to e ating disorders, more specifically to Anorexia Nervosa, Anorexia athletica and Bulimia Nervosa than those females in the general population. (Sundgot-Borgen, 1996) Amongst the rationale proposed for the high occurrence of both subclinical and clinical eating disorders among female athletes includes the attraction-to-sport hypothesis (Thompson et al., 1993), exercise induced anorexia nervosa (Epling and Pierce, 1988), dieting and body weight cycling (Brownell et al., 1992), temperament factors (Yates, 1989), early start of sport-specific training (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994), traumatic events (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994), and the impact of coaches as well as their strength trainers (Rosen and Hough, 1988).In a study conducted in Norway, the clinical and subclinical eating disorders in young, modern rhythmic gymnasts on the guinea pig team were assessed. The subjects of the study included 12 members of the national team, ranging in ages from thirteen to twenty years old, and they were individu ally paired with nonathletic control subjects. All of the subjects took part in a structured clinical converse for eating disorders, as well as medical examinations and dietary analysis. The results showed that two of the participants met the criteria for anorexia nervosa, while two others met the requirements for anorexia athletica. every(prenominal) single one of the gymnasts were dieting at some point during the study, although they were already extremely lean. In notification to their non-athletic counterparts, the athletes scored significantly higher(prenominal) than their age-matched control when assessed for the eating disorder inventory. (Sundgot-Borgen, 1996)Furthermore, Beals and Monroe in Arizona suggest that the prevalence of eating disorders, as well as the excessive concerns regarding body weight in female athletes, are change magnitude constantly. In addition to the pressures placed upon female athletes to improve their performances as well as their physiques, the general sociocultural demand thrust upon women to be thin frequently results in unlikely body weight and surface goals. (Beals and Monroe, 1994).Looking at the associated risk of developing an eating disorder as an athlete, Folscher and her peers observed that worldwide female participation in endurance events might place the athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. In the study, only about 7.5% of the female marathoners even knew about the triads existence, despite the fact that 44.1% of the athletes were high risk for developing the triad. Around one-third of the participants showed disordered eating behaviors with almost half reported constraining eating behaviors. The study found that the athletes were more likely to experience disordered eating when participating in an elite event, when compared to those that were not. (Folscher et al., 2015)In addition, in the athletic training and health centers at home(a) collegial Athletic Association variant I, II, and III insti tutions, studies were conducted comparing athletes to non-athletes using questionnaires. In contrast to the other studies, the findings were generally positive, indicating that female student athletes have high levels of self-concept, and are at low risk to develop eating disorders. However, even with these encouraging results, it does not mean that all concerns can be overlooked, seeing as though there are still athletes who are at risk to develop an eating disorder (McLester, 2014).Continuing on the topic of prevalence, in a study comparing disordered eating behaviors in undergraduate female collegiate athletes and non-athletes, Reinking and Alexander found that female athletes did not exhibit more disordered eating symptoms in general, however, the data suggested that lean-sport athletes were more susceptible to developing an eating disorder than their non-lean sport counterparts. (Reinking, 2005).Overall, the prevalence of eating disorders in female athletes at an elite level i s gaining more attention amongst competitors. A combination of psychological, favorable factors and biological predispositions lead to the eventual development of disordered eating among the high-level female athletic population, and in more cases than not, elite athletes display an increased risk for the development of eating disorders than their non-athletic colleagues, in addition to organism at risk for having a higher prevalence of eating disordered by close to 14 to 19% compared to their male counterparts (Anderson, 2012). Sports that emphasize body composition (also known as lean sports), are frequently associated with ride women towards disordered eating habits in order to reach an elite athlete body type. (Beals, 2004) In a study conducted by Wells et al., eighty-three varsity female athletes from eight separate Campbell University sports teams were observed, and were separated found on lean and non-lean sports. The results of the study showed that there was a significan t difference between lean and non-lean sports, indicating that lean sports exhibit a higher risk for developing an eating disorder when compared to athletes participating in non-lean sports. In addition, it appears that a likely influence of disordered eating in these female athletes emerge from external social influences (Wells, 2015). Likewise, in a 2016 study derived from German Young Olympic Athletes (GOAL), the inquiryers objectively looked at the factors regarding eating disorder pathology in female youth athletes, as there are scarce studies that focus on the elite adolescents. During this stage in their life, they are highly vulnerable developmentally and are affected not only by general but sport-specific risk factors as well. The results concluded that those who were at high risk for developing a disorder comprised of athletes in weight dependent sports (lean sports), in addition to athletes who are high on negative affectivity, female athletes in general, and male athlet es who get into in endurance, technical or power sports. These athletes that competed in lean sports showed signs of compensatory behaviors to influence their body weight, in addition to reporting increased levels of depression and anxiety than their athlete counterparts without eating disorder pathology. (Giel, et al., 2016)Risk factors are key in understanding the concept of the susceptibility of sorts of athletes in the development of the disorder, as well as certain trigger factors that could be responsible for precipitating the provocation or onset of disordered eating. In a study conducted by Sundgot-Borgen, elite female athletes were assessed to target risk and trigger factors for anorexia athletica, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Of the athletes studies, the prevalence of the clinical and subclinical pathologies were significantly higher in sports that emphasise leanness, or a specific weight, than in those sports where body image is considered less important. ( Sundgot-Borgen, 1994)Further, athletes that perform at higher levels of athletic competition show increased levels of pathological clinical and subclinical eating disorders. As a population as a whole that have been identified for the development of disordered eating, identifying subgroups within of who is more likely to develop the malady is key in finding a way to prevent it in the future tense. Generally, athletes in sports that emphasize lean physique, as well as weight restrictions in the sport are more vulnerable to progress into an eating disorder than those athletes that do not compete in those types of sports, as well as non-athlete controls (Picard, 1999). Eating disorders can be devastating not only psychologically, but physiologically as well. The complications stem from three main mechanisms undereating, purging, and low body weight. Long-term eating disorders reduce the quality of muscular fitness, leading to a constant state of tiredness and weakness that is extremel y difficult to happen from. In addition to the physical manifestations, the psychosocial functioning of athletes is unadulteratedly under functioning as well. The overvaluation of shape, weight and eating control, and using them as such to determine ones self-worth are regarded as the main psychopathology of eating disorders. Interpersonal functioning is impaired, and mood and cognition are negatively affected, in severe cases detrimentally influencing not only education but physical performance of the athlete as well. (El Ghoch, 2013) realisation that intervention programs and preemptive methods are necessary have been apparent for quite some time now, allowing research to shift towards suggestions in legal community methods. Looking at several health educational intervention methods for collegiate female athletes, Abood and Black found four that worked as ways to aid in measure. Intervening in the athletes understanding of self-esteem, and exploring the factors that affect sel f-esteem, including body image, positive and negative self-talk, realistic and unrealistic expectations, as well as feedback from peers, was a key way in which to alter the course of the development of the disorder. Stress management to vitiate the anxiety derived from the disorder was effective at reframing the mindset, using methods such as diaphragmatic breathing, progressive relaxation and visualization as coping methods. Education on nutrition was further established as a preventative measure, where caloric needs of the female athlete were discussed with them, as well as nutrition beliefs and myths, and the athletes were given guidelines for whole approaches to weight management. Finally, goal setting education as a method to reduce anxiety of body image distortions was established through short and long term goals, synchronization of those goals with a coach and the evaluation of those goals with others. An education focus on the importance of health instead of attention to the harmful effects of infectious weight loss appear to be a more productive method of producing positive changes. participate in educational interventions in athletes who are at risk or have already developed the disorder seems to protect from further decline in self-esteem, and reduces the athletes drive for thinness (Abood, 2000).Prevention of eating disorders focuses on thwarting the emergence of the illness or disorder, typically by identifying the correlations and risk factors that may contribute to the development of the affliction. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission, and the American College of Sports Medicine have recommended national and international sports federations to implement policies to eliminate harmful weight-loss practices (Coelho, 2014). Primary prevention focuses on education and instruction to prevent extreme dieting and the onset of the eating disorder. Furthermore, protecting athletes from factors t hat can predispose them to the development of the disorder should depress as early as 9-11 years of age (Sundgot-Borgen, 1993). Numerous studies have shown that various intervention methods have positive results. These interventional programs addressed not only the de-stigmatization of eating disorders through discussion, but also the harmful effects of pathogenic weight loss, and healthy nutritional practices to implement for sufficient energy availability (Coelho, 2014).Furthermore, because of the sport specific correlations and risk factors, prevention programs should be shaped to each individual type of sport, as well as various athlete groups (more specifically adolescents, due to their developmental stage and susceptibility) (Coelho, 2014). Not only should the athletes themselves be informed, but also coaches and health professionals that directly interact with the athlete should be better educated. In response to the pandemic that are eating disorders, the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) released a position statement on the prevention of eating disorders in athletes, which recommended athletic trainers as well as health professionals to be able to commencement detect signs of disordered eating, including clinical features and behavioral warning signs, and identify predisposing risk factors. Some of the psychological and behavioral characteristics that are identified in athletes with eating disorders are dieting which is unnecessary, ritualistic eating patters, social withdrawal, depression, compulsiveness, and so on These signs can be apparent or not, but having a professional who can recognize these symptoms is key in the prevention of further development. In addition, mandatory educational programs for all involved in mutant should be employ annually, describing the risks associated with eating disorders. (Bonci, et al., 2008)An example of an educational program that had high success rate was implemented in a unfit discipline se tting in 1999. The world-class residential ballet school housed both female and male students aged 10-18, and employed a prevention program that followed the paradigm of health promoting schools as outline by the World Health Organization, involving systemic changes in addition to direct interventions with students. The study used various measures to compare between the baseline cohort and later ones, which revealed significant reductions in disordered eating patterns and attitudes about body shape and eating (Piran, 1999).Being able to recognize the signs and then preventing the eating disorder from developing is key in the day-to-day lives of athletes who participate at a high-level, or bear to compete at an elite status eventually. Understanding the serious physiological harm disordered eating can lead to is an important aspect of prevention, as well as establishing social circumstances and wild situations that can lead to an eating disorder. Education is one of the most profou nd ways to prevent the development of eating disorders, and should be implemented crosswise the board at any high-level athletic institution. proximo Research Directions andImplications for PracticeUnderstanding what the prevalence, and the associated risks are with eating disorders can be practically implicated across the board. Acknowledging the problem that modern athletics face with the prevalence of eating disorders, coaches are just one group of people that need to be more aware of the imposed demands they place on athletes. Using concerted methods, coaches are able to provide practical solutions to the issues of overtraining and under eating, as well as be able to identify signs of eating disorders earlier (Thompson, 1993). In the clinical setting, more specifically in collegiate athletics by health professionals, understanding the signs and symptoms, as well as being able to identify the high-risk athletes who are more susceptible to developing an eating disorder establish on the sport they participate in (Giel, 2016). This has even been exemplified through the NATA position statement, where understanding all aspects of eating disorder emergence in athletes has lead to increased prevention, as well as interception of those who were on the track to developing an eating disorder based on their participation in elite athletics (Bonci, et al., 2008).In addition to coaches and health professionals, athletes themselves being able to recognize the unhealthy behaviors and coping tactics in regards to their own idea of body and self, as well as understanding what is expected of them in terms of aesthetic and performance, is essential in the prevention and decrease of eating disorder prevalence across the board. Being able to apply the cognition from educational programs, and practically implicating not only those but also the identifying risk factors are essential in the future decrease of eating disorders (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994).An interesting area for future researchwould be to explore the inclusion of separate health-enhancing physicalactivity programs in patients that have been diagnosed with eating disorders,and how that would play into the athletes return to participation of theircompetitive sport, adjacent withdrawal due to the illness. Being able to healthilycontrol an athletes relationship between sport and mind is essential to thesafe return to participation, and denoting a positive relationship between thephysical activity programs for patients recovering from eating disorders wouldbe essential. This area of study has just been funded by the NIH, and will mostlikely be published within the next couple of years.Further research could also be appliedin the development of the disorder in pre-pubescent versus pubescent versuspost-pubescent athletes, and compare how the susceptibility in the developmentof the disorder changes based on age, more specifically athletes who begincompeting at an elite level at an early age. As depicte d in the study by Giel,there is a lack of knowledge on adolescent athletes and how age plays a role inthe development of eating disorders at an elite level, and it would be helpfulfor not only health professionals, but also coaches and athletes to understandhow age plays a factor. (Giel, 2016)In addition, a longitudinal controlled-large scale intervention study would be extremely helpful in identifying not only prevalence, but also risk factors and prevention methods. This study would be most skilful if it was conducted based on varying sports, but also sex specific, as well as denoted based on age groups. ConclusionOverall, eating disorders are a common and very serious health problem. As advanced as we have become as a nation, the athletic world should be better equipped for not only preventing the emergence of these problems, but also identifying the prevalence among athletes as well as what sport specific factors may lead to its manifestation. The prevalence of eating disorders are found to be higher in elite level female athletes than in their non-athletic peers, or in the general population (Reinking, 2005). Even amongst athletes, the prevalence of eating disorders varies based on the specific sport that is competed in, with weight focused or lean sport competitors having an increased risk of developing a disorder, whether it be clinical or subclinical (Picard, 1999). Further, the implementations of programs that are focused on not only the education of athletes but health professionals as well have been shown to decrease the prevalence of eating disorders (Coelho, 2014). Using this knowledge about eating disorders, the information should be applied throughout everyday participation in athletics, not matter what level it is at. However, there is still a need to learn more about the development of the disorder age-wise, as well as the enactment of a long term study focusing on all aspects of the eating disorder development, based on specific sports and a ge ranges. The take home message of this paper is that athletes, coaches, and health professionals same should be better educated at understanding the prevalence of eating disorders in athletes compared to their non-athletic counterparts, in addition to coping with the risks that stem from participating in a lean sport, while at the same time knowing how to solve the problem if it were to arise. 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